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in-and-out loss

  • 1 in-and-out loss

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > in-and-out loss

  • 2 in-and-out loss

    потери преобразования на входе и на выходе (напр. в акустоэлектронном усилителе)

    English-Russian electronics dictionary > in-and-out loss

  • 3 in-and-out loss

    потери преобразования на входе и на выходе (напр. в акустоэлектронном усилителе)

    The New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > in-and-out loss

  • 4 loss

    1) потеря; потери
    2) потери передачи, потери при передаче
    3) затухание, ослабление
    •

    loss per unit length — потери на единицу длины, погонные потери

    - loss of efficiency
    - loss of frame alignment
    - loss of gate control
    - loss of lock rate
    - absorption loss
    - acoustic loss
    - air loss
    - angle deviation loss
    - angular deviation loss
    - apparent power loss
    - arc loss
    - arc-drop loss
    - attenuation loss
    - azimuth loss
    - beam-shape loss
    - bending loss
    - branching loss
    - bremsstrahiung loss
    - bridging loss
    - bulk loss
    - cable loss
    - cavity loss
    - cladding loss
    - coax loss
    - coil loss
    - coincidence loss
    - cold loss
    - conduction loss
    - conversion loss
    - copper loss
    - core loss
    - corona loss
    - counting loss
    - cross-polarization loss
    - crosstalk loss
    - detail loss
    - dielectric loss
    - diffraction loss
    - display loss
    - dissociation loss
    - divergence loss
    - eddy-current loss
    - edge loss
    - end loss
    - equivalent articulation loss
    - forward power loss
    - fractional counting loss
    - free-space loss
    - Fresnel loss
    - friction loss
    - gap loss
    - guide material loss
    - head alignment loss
    - heat loss
    - high-field loss
    - high-frequency loss
    - in-and-out loss
    - incidental loss
    - incremental hysteresis loss
    - insertion loss
    - interaction loss
    - inverse loss
    - I2R loss
    - iron loss
    - Joule heat loss
    - junction loss
    - line loss
    - line-of-sight loss
    - low-field loss
    - low-frequency loss
    - magnetic loss
    - magnetic hysteresis loss
    - magnetic lag loss
    - minimum expected loss
    - mirror conduction loss
    - mirror transmission loss
    - mismatch loss
    - mode-dependent loss
    - net loss
    - no-load loss
    - offset loss
    - ohmic loss
    - passband loss
    - path loss
    - piezoelectric loss
    - playback loss
    - pointing loss
    - polarization mismatch loss
    - power loss
    - processing loss
    - propagation loss
    - radiation loss
    - recording loss
    - reflection loss
    - refraction loss
    - relaxation loss
    - residual loss
    - resistance loss
    - resistive loss
    - return loss
    - reverse power loss
    - rotational hysteresis loss
    - round-trip loss
    - scanning loss
    - scattering loss
    - selective loss
    - self-field loss
    - separation loss
    - single-pass loss
    - spacing loss
    - specific loss
    - spillover loss
    - spreading loss
    - structural return loss
    - superradiant-fluorescent loss
    - thermoelastic loss
    - thickness loss
    - through loss
    - tilt loss
    - tolerance loss
    - tracking loss
    - transducer loss
    - transformer loss
    - transformer load loss
    - transformer no-load loss
    - transformer total loss
    - transition loss
    - translation loss
    - transmission loss
    - two-way loss
    - vignetting loss
    - volt-ampere loss
    - walk-off loss

    English-Russian electronics dictionary > loss

  • 5 loss

    1) потеря; потери
    2) потери передачи, потери при передаче
    3) затухание, ослабление
    •

    loss per unit length — потери на единицу длины, погонные потери

    - acoustic loss
    - air loss
    - angle deviation loss
    - angular deviation loss
    - apparent power loss
    - arc loss
    - arc-drop loss
    - attenuation loss
    - azimuth loss
    - beam-shape loss
    - bending loss
    - branching loss
    - bremsstrahiung loss
    - bridging loss
    - bulk loss
    - cable loss
    - cavity loss
    - cladding loss
    - coax loss
    - coil loss
    - coincidence loss
    - cold loss
    - conduction loss
    - conversion loss
    - copper loss
    - core loss
    - corona loss
    - counting loss
    - cross-polarization loss
    - crosstalk loss
    - detail loss
    - dielectric loss
    - diffraction loss
    - display loss
    - dissociation loss
    - divergence loss
    - eddy-current loss
    - edge loss
    - end loss
    - equivalent articulation loss
    - forward power loss
    - fractional counting loss
    - free-space loss
    - Fresnel loss
    - friction loss
    - gap loss
    - guide material loss
    - head alignment loss
    - heat loss
    - high-field loss
    - high-frequency loss
    - I2R loss
    - in-and-out loss
    - incidental loss
    - incremental hysteresis loss
    - insertion loss
    - interaction loss
    - inverse loss
    - iron loss
    - Joule heat loss
    - junction loss
    - line loss
    - line-of-sight loss
    - loss of data
    - loss of efficiency
    - loss of frame alignment
    - loss of gate control
    - loss of lock rate
    - low-field loss
    - low-frequency loss
    - magnetic hysteresis loss
    - magnetic lag loss
    - magnetic loss
    - minimum expected loss
    - mirror conduction loss
    - mirror transmission loss
    - mismatch loss
    - mode-dependent loss
    - net loss
    - no-load loss
    - offset loss
    - ohmic loss
    - passband loss
    - path loss
    - piezoelectric loss
    - playback loss
    - pointing loss
    - polarization mismatch loss
    - power loss
    - processing loss
    - propagation loss
    - radiation loss
    - recording loss
    - reflection loss
    - refraction loss
    - relaxation loss
    - residual loss
    - resistance loss
    - resistive loss
    - return loss
    - reverse power loss
    - rotational hysteresis loss
    - round-trip loss
    - scanning loss
    - scattering loss
    - selective loss
    - self-field loss
    - separation loss
    - single-pass loss
    - spacing loss
    - specific loss
    - spillover loss
    - spreading loss
    - structural return loss
    - superradiant-fluorescent loss
    - thermoelastic loss
    - thickness loss
    - through loss
    - tilt loss
    - tolerance loss
    - tracking loss
    - transducer loss
    - transformer load loss
    - transformer loss
    - transformer no-load loss
    - transformer total loss
    - transition loss
    - translation loss
    - transmission loss
    - two-way loss
    - vignetting loss
    - volt-ampere loss
    - walk-off loss

    The New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > loss

  • 6 out

    (to allow to come in, go out: Let me in!; I let the dog out.) dejar entrar/salir
    out adv
    1. fuera
    they're out in the garden están fuera, en el jardín
    my father is in, but my mother has gone out mi padre está en casa, pero mi madre ha salido
    2. apagado
    3. en voz alta
    tr[aʊt]
    1 (outside) fuera, afuera
    ■ could you wait out there? ¿podrías esperar allí fuera?
    ■ is it cold out? ¿hace frío en la calle?
    ■ get out! ¡fuera!
    3 (not in) fuera
    ■ there's no answer, they must be out no contestan, deben de haber salido
    ■ shall we eat out? ¿comemos fuera?
    7 (available, existing) diferentes traducciones
    ■ when will her new book be out? ¿cuándo saldrá su nuevo libro?
    9 (flowers) en flor; (sun, stars, etc) que ha salido
    ■ the sun's out ha salido el sol, brilla el sol, hace sol
    10 (protruding) que se sale
    ■ don't put your tongue out! ¡no saques la lengua!
    11 (clearly, loudly) en voz alta
    12 (to the end) hasta el final; (completely) completamente, totalmente
    13 SMALLRADIO/SMALL (end of message) fuera
    1 (extinguished) apagado,-a
    2 (unconscious) inconsciente; (asleep) dormido,-a
    ■ the boxer knocked his opponent out el boxeador dejó K.O. a su contrincante
    3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (defeated) eliminado,-a; (out of play) fuera
    ■ he's out! ¡lo han eliminado!
    4 (wrong, not accurate) equivocado,-a
    ■ my calculation was out by £5 mi cálculo tenía un error de 5 libras
    5 (not fashionable) pasado,-a de moda
    6 (out of order) estropeado,-a
    7 (unacceptable) prohibido,-a
    8 (on strike) en huelga
    9 (tide) bajo,-a
    10 (over, finished) acabado,-a
    1 (away from, no longer in) fuera de
    ■ out of print agotado,-a
    5 (without) sin
    ■ we're out of tea se nos ha acabado el té, nos hemos quedado sin té
    ■ he's out of work está parado, está sin trabajo
    7 (using, made from) de
    ■ made out of wood hecho,-a de madera
    8 (from) de
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    out of favour en desgracia
    out of sight, out of mind ojos que no ven, corazón que no siente
    out of sorts indispuesto,-a
    out of this world extraordinario,-a
    out with it! ¡dilo ya!, ¡suéltalo ya!
    to feel out of it sentirse excluido,-a
    to be out and about (from illness) estar recuperado,-a
    to be out of one's head / be out of one's mind estar loco,-a
    to be out to lunch SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL estar loco,-a
    to be out to do something estar decidido,-a a hacer algo
    out tray bandeja de salidas
    out ['aʊt] vi
    : revelarse, hacerse conocido
    out adv
    she opened the door and looked out: abrió la puerta y miró para afuera
    to eat out: comer afuera
    they let the secret out: sacaron el secreto a la luz
    his money ran out: se le acabó el dinero
    to turn out the light: apagar la luz
    5) outside: fuera, afuera
    out in the garden: afuera en el jardín
    6) aloud: en voz alta, en alto
    to cry out: gritar
    out adj
    1) external: externo, exterior
    2) outlying: alejado, distante
    the out islands: las islas distantes
    3) absent: ausente
    4) unfashionable: fuera de moda
    5) extinguished: apagado
    out prep
    I looked out the window: miré por la ventana
    she ran out the door: corrió por la puerta
    adj.
    • fuera adj.
    adv.
    • afuera adv.
    • fuera adv.
    prep.
    • allá en prep.

    I aʊt
    2)
    a) ( outside) fuera, afuera (esp AmL)

    is the cat in or out? — ¿el gato está (a)dentro or (a)fuera?

    all the books on Dickens are out — todos los libros sobre Dickens están prestados; see also out of

    b) (not at home, work)

    he's out to o at lunch — ha salido a comer

    to eat o (frml) dine out — cenar/comer fuera or (esp AmL) afuera

    out and about: you must get out and about more — tienes que salir más; see also go out

    3) ( removed)
    4)
    a) (indicating movement, direction)

    out — salida

    b) (outstretched, projecting)

    arms out, legs together — brazos extendidos, piernas juntas

    ten miles out — ( Naut) a diez millas de la costa

    6)
    a) (ejected, dismissed)
    b) (from hospital, jail)

    out for: Lewis was out for revenge Lewis quería vengarse; out to + inf: she's out to beat the record está decidida a batir el récord; they're only out to make money su único objetivo es hacer dinero; they're out to get you! — andan tras de ti!, van a por ti! (Esp); see also out of

    8)
    a) (displayed, not put away)

    are the plates out yet? — ¿están puestos ya los platos?

    b) ( in blossom) en flor
    c) ( shining)
    9)
    a) (revealed, in the open)

    once the news was out, she left the country — en cuanto se supo la noticia, se fue del país

    out with it! who stole the documents? — dilo ya! ¿quién robó los documentos?

    b) (published, produced)

    a report out today points out that... — un informe publicado hoy señala que...

    c) ( in existence) (colloq)
    10) (clearly, loudly)

    he said it out loud — lo dijo en voz alta; see also call, cry, speak out


    II

    to be out — \<\<fire/light/pipe\>\> estar* apagado

    b) ( unconscious) inconsciente, sin conocimiento

    after five vodkas she was out cold — con cinco vodkas, quedó fuera de combate (fam)

    a) ( at an end)

    before the month/year is out — antes de que acabe el mes/año

    b) ( out of fashion) pasado de moda; see also go out 7) a)
    c) ( out of the question) (colloq)

    smoking in the bedrooms is absolutely out — ni hablar de fumar en los dormitorios (fam), está terminantemente prohibido fumar en los dormitorios

    3) ( Sport)

    to be out — <batter/batsman> quedar out or fuera; < team> quedar eliminado; see also out of 3)

    b) ( outside limit) (pred) fuera

    it was out — cayó or fue fuera

    4) ( inaccurate) (pred)

    you're way o a long way o miles out — andas muy lejos or muy errado

    5) (without, out of) (colloq) (pred)

    coffee? sorry, I'm completely out — ¿café? lo siento, no me queda ni gota (fam); see also out of 6)

    6) < homosexual> declarado

    III

    he looked out the window — miró (hacia afuera) por la ventana; see also out of 1)


    IV
    1)
    a) ( in baseball) out m, hombre m fuera
    b) ( escape) (AmE colloq) escapatoria f
    2) outs pl (AmE)
    a)

    to be on the outs with somebody — estar* enemistado con alguien


    V
    transitive verb revelar la homosexualidad de
    [aʊt]
    1. ADV
    When out is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg go out, put out, walk out, look up the verb.
    1) (=not in) fuera, afuera

    it's cold out — fuera or afuera hace frío

    they're out in the garden — están fuera or afuera en el jardín

    to be out — (=not at home) no estar (en casa)

    Mr Green is out — el señor Green no está or (LAm) no se encuentra

    • to be out and about again — estar bien otra vez (después de una enfermedad)

    • to have a day out — pasar un día fuera de casa

    • out you go! — ¡fuera!

    • it's cold out here — hace frío aquí fuera

    • the journey out — el viaje de ida

    • to have a night out — salir por la noche (a divertirse); (drinking) salir de juerga or (LAm) de parranda

    • to run out — salir corriendo

    • it's dark out there — está oscuro ahí fuera

    • the tide is out — la marea está baja

    • out with him! — ¡fuera con él!, ¡que le echen fuera!

    second I, 3., 3)
    2) (=on strike)

    she's out in Kuwait — se fue a Kuwait, está en Kuwait

    three days out from Plymouth — (Naut) a tres días de Plymouth

    4)

    • to be out, when the sun is out — cuando brilla el sol

    • to come out, when the sun comes out — cuando sale el sol

    5) (=in existence) que hay, que ha habido

    when will the magazine be out? — ¿cuándo sale la revista?

    the book is out — se ha publicado el libro, ha salido el libro

    6) (=in the open) conocido(-a), fuera

    • your secret's out — tu secreto se ha descubierto or ha salido a la luz

    • out with it! — ¡desembucha!, ¡suéltalo ya!, ¡suelta la lengua! (LAm)

    7) (=to or at an end) terminado(-a)
    8) [lamp, fire, gas] apagado(-a)

    "lights out at ten pm" — "se apagan las luces a las diez"

    9) (=not in fashion) pasado(-a) de moda

    long dresses are out — ya no se llevan los vestidos largos, los vestidos largos están pasados de moda

    10) (=not in power)
    11) (Sport) [player] fuera de juego; [boxer] fuera de combate; [loser] eliminado(-a)

    that's it, Liverpool are out — ya está, Liverpool queda eliminado

    you're out — (in games) quedas eliminado

    out! — ¡fuera!

    12) (indicating error) equivocado(-a)

    your watch is five minutes out — su reloj lleva cinco minutos de atraso/de adelanto

    13) (indicating loudness, clearness) en voz alta, en alto

    speak out (loud)! — ¡habla en voz alta or fuerte!

    right 2., 1), straight 2., 1)

    he's out for all he can get — busca sus propios fines, anda detrás de lo suyo

    15)

    to be out — (=unconscious) estar inconsciente; (=drunk) estar completamente borracho; (=asleep) estar durmiendo como un tronco

    I was out for some minutes — estuve inconsciente durante varios minutos, estuve varios minutos sin conocimiento

    16)
    17) (=worn through)
    18)

    out of —

    When out of is part of a set combination, eg out of danger, out of proportion, out of sight, look up the other word.
    a) (=outside, beyond) fuera de

    • to go out of the house — salir de la casa

    • to look out of the window — mirar por la ventana

    • to throw sth out of a window — tirar algo por una ventana

    • to turn sb out of the house — echar a algn de la casa

    • we're well out of it * — de buena nos hemos librado

    - feel out of it
    danger 1., proportion 1., 1), range 1., 5), season 1., 2), sight 1., 2)
    b) (cause, motive) por

    • out of curiosity — por curiosidad

    • out of respect for you — por el respeto que te tengo

    • to do sth out of sympathy — hacer algo por compasión

    necessity, spite
    c) (origin) de

    • to copy sth out of a book — copiar algo de un libro

    • to drink sth out of a cup — beber algo de una taza

    • to take sth out of a drawer — sacar algo de un cajón

    • a box made out of wood — una caja (hecha) de madera

    • it was like something out of a nightmare — era como de una pesadilla

    • a chapter out of a novel — un capítulo de una novela

    d) (=from among) de cada
    e) (=without) sin

    it's out of stock — (Comm) está agotado

    to be out of hearts — (Cards) tener fallo a corazones

    breath 1., 1)
    f) (Vet)

    Blue Ribbon, by Black Rum out of Grenada — el caballo Blue Ribbon, hijo de Black Rum y de la yegua Grenada

    2.
    3.
    VT (=expose as homosexual) revelar la homosexualidad de
    4.
    VI
    * * *

    I [aʊt]
    2)
    a) ( outside) fuera, afuera (esp AmL)

    is the cat in or out? — ¿el gato está (a)dentro or (a)fuera?

    all the books on Dickens are out — todos los libros sobre Dickens están prestados; see also out of

    b) (not at home, work)

    he's out to o at lunch — ha salido a comer

    to eat o (frml) dine out — cenar/comer fuera or (esp AmL) afuera

    out and about: you must get out and about more — tienes que salir más; see also go out

    3) ( removed)
    4)
    a) (indicating movement, direction)

    out — salida

    b) (outstretched, projecting)

    arms out, legs together — brazos extendidos, piernas juntas

    ten miles out — ( Naut) a diez millas de la costa

    6)
    a) (ejected, dismissed)
    b) (from hospital, jail)

    out for: Lewis was out for revenge Lewis quería vengarse; out to + inf: she's out to beat the record está decidida a batir el récord; they're only out to make money su único objetivo es hacer dinero; they're out to get you! — andan tras de ti!, van a por ti! (Esp); see also out of

    8)
    a) (displayed, not put away)

    are the plates out yet? — ¿están puestos ya los platos?

    b) ( in blossom) en flor
    c) ( shining)
    9)
    a) (revealed, in the open)

    once the news was out, she left the country — en cuanto se supo la noticia, se fue del país

    out with it! who stole the documents? — dilo ya! ¿quién robó los documentos?

    b) (published, produced)

    a report out today points out that... — un informe publicado hoy señala que...

    c) ( in existence) (colloq)
    10) (clearly, loudly)

    he said it out loud — lo dijo en voz alta; see also call, cry, speak out


    II

    to be out — \<\<fire/light/pipe\>\> estar* apagado

    b) ( unconscious) inconsciente, sin conocimiento

    after five vodkas she was out cold — con cinco vodkas, quedó fuera de combate (fam)

    a) ( at an end)

    before the month/year is out — antes de que acabe el mes/año

    b) ( out of fashion) pasado de moda; see also go out 7) a)
    c) ( out of the question) (colloq)

    smoking in the bedrooms is absolutely out — ni hablar de fumar en los dormitorios (fam), está terminantemente prohibido fumar en los dormitorios

    3) ( Sport)

    to be out — <batter/batsman> quedar out or fuera; < team> quedar eliminado; see also out of 3)

    b) ( outside limit) (pred) fuera

    it was out — cayó or fue fuera

    4) ( inaccurate) (pred)

    you're way o a long way o miles out — andas muy lejos or muy errado

    5) (without, out of) (colloq) (pred)

    coffee? sorry, I'm completely out — ¿café? lo siento, no me queda ni gota (fam); see also out of 6)

    6) < homosexual> declarado

    III

    he looked out the window — miró (hacia afuera) por la ventana; see also out of 1)


    IV
    1)
    a) ( in baseball) out m, hombre m fuera
    b) ( escape) (AmE colloq) escapatoria f
    2) outs pl (AmE)
    a)

    to be on the outs with somebody — estar* enemistado con alguien


    V
    transitive verb revelar la homosexualidad de

    English-spanish dictionary > out

  • 7 drop-out

    1. уставка отключения (аварийного сигнала)
    2. пропадание сигнала
    3. пропадание знаков
    4. отпускание магнитоуправляемого контакта
    5. недопривитый
    6. выход из строя
    7. выпадение сигнала (записи-воспроизведения)
    8. выпадение
    9. возврат реле

     

    возврат реле
    —
    [В.А.Семенов. Англо-русский словарь по релейной защите]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    выпадение
    —
    [ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

    Тематики

    • электросвязь, основные понятия

    EN

     

    выпадение сигнала (записи-воспроизведения)
    Кратковременный перерыв или недопустимое уменьшение воспроизводимого сигнала, обусловленное дефектами или загрязнением носителя записи или сигналограммы, либо недостатками работы устройств записи и (или) воспроизведения.
    [ ГОСТ 13699-91]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    выход из строя
    —
    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

    выход системы из строя
    вследствие отказа аппаратного или программного обеспечения либо средств связи
    [Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. © 1998-2007 гг., Э.М. Пройдаков, Л.А. Теплицкий. 13,8 тыс. статей.]

    выход из строя
    -
    [Интент]

    Единичные выходы из строя в процессе испытаний элементов электронной техники (микросхем, электровакуумных и полупроводниковых приборов, конденсаторов, резисторов, кварцевых резонаторов и т.д.), а также ламп накаливания и предохранителей не могут служить основанием для прекращения испытаний, если это не вызвано недостатком конструкции прибора.

    При повторных выходах из строя тех же элементов испытания следует считать неудовлетворительными.
    [ ГОСТ 24314-80]

    При выходе из строя отдельно стоящих вентиляторов на двигателях мельниц, дымососов, мельничных вентиляторов, вентиляторов первичного воздуха и т.д. необходимо при первой возможности, но не позже чем его допускается заводской инструкцией, отключить двигатель 6 кВ для ремонта вентилятора охлаждения двигателя.
    [РД 34.20.565]

    Судовая электрическая сеть, предназначенная для передачи электроэнергии при выходе из строя линий электропередачи силовой сети или исчезновении напряжения
    [ ГОСТ 22652-77]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    недопривитый
    незавершивший курс иммунизации
    —
    [Англо-русский глоссарий основных терминов по вакцинологии и иммунизации. Всемирная организация здравоохранения, 2009 г.]

    Тематики

    • вакцинология, иммунизация

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    отпускание магнитоуправляемого контакта
    Действие магнитоуправляемого контакта, проводимое при уменьшении магнитного поля ниже заданного значения
    [ ГОСТ 17499-82]

    EN


    FR


    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    пропадание знаков
    Ошибка, вызванная отказом прочитать двоичный знак в хранящихся или отыскиваемых данных на магнитном запоминающем устройстве.
    Примечание
    Обычно пропадание знаков вызывается внутренними дефектами намагничиваемого поверхностного слоя или наличием посторонних частиц на нем.
    [ ГОСТ 25868-91]

    Тематики

    • оборуд. перифер. систем обраб. информации

    EN

     

    пропадание сигнала
    перерыв связи
    исчезновение сигнала
    сильное ослабление сигнала
    пропадание знаков
    Сбой в синхронизации из-за временной потери синхросигнала.
    [Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    уставка отключения (аварийного сигнала)
    -
    [Интент]

    4667
    Рис. Schneider Electric

    Pickup Setpoint - уставка включения аварийного сигнала
    Dropout Setpoint - уставка отключения аварийного сигнала
    Pickup Delay - задержка включения аварийного сигнала
    Dropout Delay - задержка отключения аварийного сигнала
    Alarm Period - время существования аварийного сигнала
     

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    EV1—The power meter records the date and time that the pickup setpoint and time delay were satisfied, and the maximum value reached (Max1) during the pickup delay period (ΔT).

    Also, the power meter performs any tasks assigned to the event such as waveform captures or forced data log entries.

    EV2—The power meter records the date and time that the dropout setpoint and time delay were satisfied, and the maximum value reached (Max2) during the alarm period.

    [Schneider Electric]

    EV1—Многофункциональный счетчик электроэнергии записывает: дату и время, т. к. в этот момент контролируемая величина превышает уставку включения аварийного сигнала и задержка включения истекла; максимальное значение (Max1) измеряемой величины, которое зарегистрировано за время отсчета задержки включения (ΔT).

    Кроме того, многофункциональный счетчик электроэнергии выполняет любые действия, назначенные для данного события, например, вычисление параметров формы сигнала или запись в журнал регистрации событий.

    EV2—Многофункциональный счетчик электроэнергии записывает: дату и время, т. к. в этот момент контролируемая величина меньше уставки отключения аварийного сигнала и задержка отключения истекла; максимальное значение (Max2) контролируемой величины, которое зарегистрировано за время существования аварийного сигнала.
    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > drop-out

  • 8 put\ out

    1. III
    1) put out smth. /smth. out/ all trees /plants/ put out their green.leaves in spring весной все деревья покрываются зеленой листвой; the birches are beginning to put out their buds на березах начинают распускаться почки; put out flags вывешивать флаги; put linen out развешивать белье
    2) put out smth. /smth. out/ put out one's washing отдать белье в прачечную; put work out (от)давать работу надомникам
    3) put out smb. /smb. out/ bis landlord wanted to put him out домовладелец хотел выселить его
    4) put out smth. /smth. out/ put out one's shoulder (a knee-joint, a foot, a jaw, etc.) вывихнуть плечо и т.д.
    5) put out smth. /smth. out/ put out one's strength /one's energies/ не жалеть сил, выкладываться
    6) put out smth. /smth. out/ put out books (a bulletin, a circular, etc.) выпускать /издавать/ книги и т.д.; the government put out a statement правительство выступило с заявлением; put out a rumour пустить слух
    7) put out smth. /smth. out/ put out goods (cotton sheeting, etc.) производить товары и т.д.
    8) put out smth. /smth. out/ put out lights (gas, etc.) выключать свет и т.д.; put out a candle (a pipe, a cigarette, a stove, flames, etc.) потушить /погасить/ свечу и т.д.; the fire department had to be called to put the fire out пришлось вызвать пожарных, чтобы затушить пожар
    9) put smb. out noise and music (her letters, foolish questions, etc.) put him out шум и музыка и т.д. раздражают его; nothing ever puts him out ничто не может вывести его из себя; do stay the night, it won't in the least put us out оставайтесь у нас ночевать, нас это нисколько не стеснят; I don't want to put you out я не хочу вас затруднять
    10) || put smb.'s eyes out выколоть кому-л. глаза
    2. IV
    1) put out smth. /smth. out/ in some manner put out one's hand in welcome протянуть руку, чтобы поздороваться
    2) put out smth. /smth. out/ at some time the publishers put out fifty new books (one new book every week, etc.) last season в прошлом сезоне издатели выпустили пятьдесят новых книг и т.д.; they put out 1000 bales of cotton sheeting weekly они производят тысячу тюков хлопчатобумажной ткани еженедельно
    3) put out smth. /smth. out/ at some time put out a fire in the early stage потушить пожар в самом начале
    3. VII
    1) put out smth. /smth. out/ to do smth. put limn out to dry развесить белье для просушки
    3) put out smth. /smth. out/ to do smth. put out all one's strength to move the piano напрячь все силы [для того], чтобы подвинуть пианино
    4) put out smb. /smb. out/ to do smth. would /will/ it put you out to take me to the station? вас не затруднит отвезти или проводить меня на станцию?; will it put you out to lend me l 5 until Friday? вы не смогли бы дать мне взаймы до пятницы пять фунтов?
    4. XI
    1) be put out the lights were put out выключили свет; be put out in some manner the fire was quickly put out пожар быстро потушили; be put out by smb. the fire was put out by the firemen пожарные потушили пожар
    2) be put out by smth., smb. the products put out by the firm (by the plant, by the workers, etc.) продукты, производимые данной фирмой и т.д.
    3) be put out all repairs are done on the premises and nothing is put out весь ремонт производится на месте, ничего не делается на стороне; our linen is always put out мы всегда отдаем стирать белье /отдаем белье в стирку/
    4) be (look) put out you are put out вы расстроились; you look put out у вас расстроенный вид; be put out in some manner he is not easily put out его трудно вывести из себя; be put out with smb. about (by, at) smth. she was evidently quite put out with me она, очевидно, сердилась на меня; he was not at all put out at this rudeness эта грубость совсем его не расстроила; he was put out about my promotion мое повышение [по службе] привело его в раздражение; be put out by the news (by the loss of the purse, by being kept waiting, etc.) быть расстроенным /раздосадованным/ этой новостью и т.д.; he was very much put out by the late arrival of his guests позднее прибытие гостей доставило ему массу беспокойства; be put out when... (because..., etc.) he was much put out when I refused он был очень огорчен, когда я отказался; he was very much put out because he heard his landlord would put him out он был огорчен, узнав, что домовладелец отказывает ему в жилье
    5) || be put out at some interest быть отданным /одолженным/ в рост /под проценты/; the money was put out at five per cent эти деньги были отданы под пять процентов годовых
    5. XII
    1) have smth. put out I had my light put out у меня отключили /выключили/ свет
    2) have smth. put out at some per cent he has t 1000 put out at 5 per cent он дал взаймы тысячу фунтов под пять процентов
    6. XVI
    put out to (from) some place put out to sea выходить в море; put out from a harbour выходить из гавани
    7. XVIII
    put oneself out don't put yourself out не беспокойтесь /не утруждайте себя/; put oneself out for smb. /on smb.'s account/ стараться изо всех сил /сделать все возможное/ для /ради/ кого-л.; put oneself out to do smth. изо всех сил постараться /выложиться, чтобы/ сделать что-л.; he put himself out to help me он так старался мне помочь
    8. XXI1
    1) put out smth. with smth. put out a fire with water залить огонь водой и т.д.
    2) || put out smb.'s eye with an umbrella (with a spike, etc.) выколоть кому-л. глаз зонтиком к т.д.
    3) put out smb. /smb. out/ to (in) smth. put a boy out to trade (in service, etc.) отдать мальчика в учение и т.д.; put out a cow (a horse, etc.) to grass выгонять на пастбище /в поле/ корову и т.д.
    4) put out smth. in smth. put out articles in a little booklet выпустить статьи отдельной брошюркой; put out smth. about smth. the Health Department has put out a warning about dangerous drugs министерство здравоохранения опубликовало предупреждение об опасных наркотиках
    5) || put out money at interest давать деньги в рост /под проценты/;' put out i 1000000 at 6 per cent дать взаймы миллион долларов под шесть процентов годовых

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > put\ out

  • 9 cut one's loss

    бросить невыгодное дело; ≈ выйти из игры

    Good gamblers cut their losses. (J. Galsworthy, ‘Saint's Progress’, part III, ch. XII) — Опытные игроки, когда не везет, бросают игру.

    I hope she isn't going to be much of a handful. If she is, the best thing you can do is cut your losses and get out of it straight away. (C. P. Snow, ‘Time of Hope’, ch. XVIII) — Надеюсь, Шейла не доставит тебе много хлопот. А если увидишь, что ничего путного не получается, выходи из игры и ставь точку!

    You know that Roger has had his own line on this? (She meant Suez.) You know it, I know you know it, and it's dead opposite to the way I felt. Well, that's all down the drain now. It doesn't matter a hoot what any of us thought. We've just got to cut our losses and start again. (C. P. Snow, ‘Corridors of Power’, ch. XVI) — Вы знаете, что у Роджера был свой взгляд на всю эту историю (Кэро хотела сказать - на Суэц). Знаете ведь. Я же знаю, что вы знаете. И наши с ним взгляды прямо противоположны. Ну да ладно, все теперь полетело к чертям. Какое имеет значение, кто что думал. Нужно поскорее все это забыть и начинать сначала.

    I told him that you and I felt pretty bad about the, whole thing, and since we planned to stay in business here we wanted to help him cut his losses. (M. Wilson, ‘My Brother, My Enemy’, ch. 8) — Тогда я сказал, что все это нам с тобой здорово неприятно, а поскольку мы рассчитываем и впредь вести дела в нашем городе, то хотим помочь ему возместить убытки.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > cut one's loss

  • 10 NOC check-out

    1. отъезд делегации НОК

     

    отъезд делегации НОК
    При отъезде делегации НОК ей полагается сдать все гостиничные номера, помещения, ключи и FF&E, а ОКОИ должен проверить их на предмет отсутствия утерь и повреждений.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    NOC check-out
    NOC check-out is the operation by which NOCs return all accommodation, spaces, FF&E and keys, and the OCOG checks loss and damages.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > NOC check-out

  • 11 cry one's eyes out

    выплакать все глаза, горько рыдать; выплакать своё горе, выплакаться

    The sister... cried her eyes out at the loss of the necklace. (Ch. Dickens, ‘Pickwick Papers’, ch. XXXII) — Сестра... глаза себе выплакала, потеряв ожерелье.

    Amelia... got up and went upstairs, and cried her little heart out. (W. Thackeray, ‘Vanity Fair’, ch. VI) — Эмилия... вскочила и побежала наверх к себе в комнату выплакать свое горе.

    Let her cry her heart out - it would do her good. (J. Galsworthy, ‘Indian Summer of a Forsyte’, ch. I) — Пусть выплачется - ей легче станет!

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > cry one's eyes out

  • 12 sell out

    1. phr v продать; ликвидировать

    to sell to disadvantage — продать с убытком, быть в накладе

    2. phr v обыкн. распродать

    sell off — распродать; распродавать

    3. phr v разг. стать предателем
    4. phr v ист. уйти из армии; продать свой офицерский патент
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. deceive (verb) beguile; betray; bluff; cozen; cross; deceive; delude; double-cross; four-flush; humbug; illude; juggle; mislead; mock; sell; suck in; take in; two-time
    2. unload (verb) close out; dump; sell off; unload

    English-Russian base dictionary > sell out

  • 13 wear and tear

    1. эк. износ основного капитала, основных средств
    2. амортизация; изнашивание
    3. воен. амортизация материальной части
    4. утомление
    Синонимический ряд:
    deterioration (noun) deterioration; dilapidation; erosion; fraying; inroads of time; loss by friction; rubbing off; wear; wearing away

    English-Russian base dictionary > wear and tear

  • 14 потери преобразования на входе и на выходе

    Electronics: in-and-out loss

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > потери преобразования на входе и на выходе

  • 15 Verlust

    Verlust m 1. BANK loss; 2. GEN wastage; 3. IMP/EXP forfeiting; 4. PAT damage; 5. RW charge off; 6. RECHT loss; 7. WIWI leakage • einen Verlust abdecken FIN cover a loss • einen Verlust ausweisen RW report a loss, show a loss • einen Verlust erleiden 1. RW sustain a loss; 2. RECHT suffer loss • einen Verlust erwarten FIN expect a loss • einen Verlust erwirtschaften WIWI run a deficit • einen Verlust in Kauf nehmen BÖRSE take a loss, accept [tolerate] a loss • einen Verlust melden RW report a loss • einen Verlust tragen FIN carry a loss, stand a loss • Verlust machen 1. FIN, RW operate in the red; 2. WIWI run a deficit • Verluste einfahren FIN, RW operate in the red • Verluste hinnehmen WIWI lose out, sustain losses, suffer losses
    * * *
    m 1. < Bank> loss; 2. < Geschäft> wastage; 3. <Imp/Exp> forfeiting; 4. < Patent> damage; 5. < Rechnung> charge off; 6. < Recht> loss; 7. <Vw> leakage ■ einen Verlust abdecken < Finanz> cover a loss ■ einen Verlust ausweisen < Rechnung> report a loss, show a loss ■ einen Verlust erleiden 1. < Rechnung> sustain a loss; 2. < Recht> suffer loss ■ einen Verlust erwarten < Finanz> expect a loss ■ einen Verlust erwirtschaften <Vw> run a deficit ■ einen Verlust in Kauf nehmen < Börse> take a loss, accept/tolerate a loss ■ einen Verlust melden < Rechnung> report a loss ■ einen Verlust tragen < Finanz> carry a loss, stand a loss ■ Verlust machen 1. <Finanz, Rechnung> operate in the red; 2. <Vw> run a deficit ■ Verluste hinnehmen <Vw> lose out, sustain losses, suffer losses ■ Verluste einfahren infrml <Finanz, Rechnung> operate in the red
    * * *
    Verlust
    (Abgang) wastage, (Defizit) deficit, red (US coll.), (Leckage) leakage, (Nachteil) disadvantage, detriment, (Schaden) damage, detriment, cost, (Schwund) shrinkage, (Spiel) losings, (Verderb) spoilage, waste, (Verfall) forfeiture, (Verlustgeschäft) sacrifice;
    • bei Verlust under pain (with forfeiture) of;
    • bei Eintritt eines Verlustes in the event (upon the occurrence) of a loss;
    • in Verlust geraten lost;
    • mit Verlust at a sacrifice (loss);
    • nach Abschreibung aller Verluste after charging off all losses;
    • ohne einen einzigen Verlust with a no-loss record;
    • ohne Rücksicht auf Verluste at all risks;
    • abschätzbarer Verlust estimable loss;
    • steuerlich absetzbarer (abzugsfähiger) Verlust loss available for relief, deductible loss;
    • steuerlich nicht absetzbarer Verlust loss not allowable;
    • abzugsfähiger Verlust deductible loss;
    • steuerlich anerkannter Verlust taxable loss;
    • anteilsmäßiger Verlust proportional loss;
    • in der Bilanz ausgewiesener Verlust loss as shown in the balance sheet;
    • auf Brandstiftung beruhender Verlust incendiary loss;
    • beträchtlicher Verlust severe loss;
    • nicht betriebsbedingter Verlust non-trading loss;
    • buchmäßiger Verlust accounting (book) loss;
    • drohender Verlust danger of loss;
    • eingetretener (entstandener) Verlust incurred (actual) loss;
    • einmaliger Verlust non-recurring loss;
    • endgültiger Verlust dead loss (sl.);
    • enorme Verluste sea of red ink;
    • auf konzernfremde Gesellschaften entfallender Verlust (Bilanz) minority interest in losses;
    • entstandener Verlust occurred loss;
    • durch Kursschwankungen entstandener Verlust exchange loss;
    • durch Nichtvermietung entstandener Verlust vacancy loss;
    • durch Preisherabsetzung (Preisheraufsetzung) entstandener Verlust markdown (markup) loss;
    • bei der Liquidation voraussichtlich entstehende Verluste total estimated deficiency from realization of assets;
    • erkannter Verlust (Spediteur) known loss;
    • nicht erkannter Verlust (Spediteur) concealed loss;
    • erlittener Verlust loss sustained;
    • ersetzbarer Verlust recoverable (retrievable) loss;
    • erwartete Verluste anticipated losses;
    • eventuelle Verluste possible losses;
    • finanzieller Verlust pecuniary loss;
    • durch Exzedentenrückversicherung nicht gedeckter Verlust uninsured excess loss;
    • von der Versicherung nicht gedeckter Verlust loss not compensated by insurance;
    • von der Versicherung voll gedeckter Verlust loss fully covered by insurance;
    • versicherungsmäßig gedeckte Verluste losses recoverable under a contract of insurance;
    • nicht geschäftsbedingter Verlust non-business loss;
    • gewerbliche Verluste loss from business or profession;
    • großer Verlust heavy (severe) loss;
    • aus zweifelhaften Forderungen herrührende Verluste bad-debt losses (US);
    • zufällig hervorgerufener besonderer Verlust (Steuer) casual loss;
    • kräftige Verluste sharp losses;
    • laufender Verlust operating loss;
    • minimale Verluste minimum of losses, trivial losses;
    • mittelbarer Verlust consequential (constructive) loss;
    • Per-Saldo-Verlust net loss;
    • produktionsbedingter Verlust manufacturing loss;
    • reiner Verlust net (dead, sl.) loss;
    • schmerzlicher Verlust bereavement;
    • schwerer Verlust heavy (severe) loss;
    • für den Konzernausgleich zur Verfügung stehender Verlust loss available for group relief (Br.);
    • steuerabzugsfähige Verluste losses deductible from earned income;
    • tatsächlicher Verlust actual loss;
    • aus dem Jahresertrag zu tilgende Verluste losses chargeable against the year;
    • totaler Verlust dead (sl.) (outright) loss;
    • übermäßiger Verlust excess loss;
    • unbedeutender Verlust insignificant (trivial) loss;
    • uneinbringlicher Verlust irretrievable (irredeemable) loss;
    • nicht unerhebliche Verluste considerable (heavy) losses;
    • unersetzlicher Verlust irrecoverable (irretrievable, irredeemable) loss;
    • unerwarteter Verlust unanticipated loss;
    • unmittelbarer Verlust direct loss;
    • unwiederbringlicher Verlust irretrievable loss;
    • steuerlich noch nicht verbrauchte Verluste unabsorbed losses;
    • vermutlicher Verlust presumptive loss;
    • nicht versicherter Verlust uninsured loss;
    • durch Betrug einzelner Gesellschafter verursachte Verluste losses occasioned by the fraud of any partners;
    • durch Brand verursachter Verlust loss by fire;
    • steuerlich nicht verwertbarer Verlust unrelieved loss (Br.);
    • aus den Vorjahren vorgetragene Verluste losses brought forward from previous years;
    • vorweggenommener Verlust anticipated loss;
    • weitere Verluste supplemental losses;
    • auf Abschreibungen im Anschaffungsjahr zurückzuführender steuerlicher Verlust loss arising from first-year allowance;
    • Gewinn und Verlust profit and loss, losses and gains;
    • Verluste aus dem Abgang von Gegenständen des Anlagevermögens losses on retirement of fixed assets;
    • Verlust überseeischer Absatzgebiete loss of overseas markets;
    • Verlust von Absatzmärkten loss of markets;
    • ein Verlust nach dem anderen loss on loss;
    • Verlust der Arbeitsfähigkeit loss of earning capacity;
    • Verlust der Arbeitskraft des Ehegatten loss of services of the spouse (Br.);
    • Verlust des Arbeitsplatzes loss of employment;
    • Verluste im Auslandskreditgeschäft foreign-loan losses;
    • Verluste durch Betriebsunterbrechung use and occupancy loss;
    • Verlust an der Börse market loss;
    • Verluste aus Bürgschaftsverpflichtungen surety losses;
    • Verlust der bürgerlichen Ehrenrechte forfeit of civil rights;
    • Verlust der Erwerbsfähigkeit loss of earning capacity;
    • Verlust durch Feuer losses caused by fire;
    • Verlust aus zweifelhaften Forderungen bad (US) (doubtful, Br.) debt losses, loss from bad (US) (doubtful, Br.) debts;
    • Verluste der Fremdenverkehrswirtschaft travel spending deficit;
    • Verlust im Geschäftsjahr (Versicherungsgesellschaft) underwriting loss;
    • Verluste der Gesellschaft corporate losses (US);
    • Verlust durch allgemeine Havarie average loss;
    • Verlust in Höhe des Zeitwertes [des versicherten Gegenstandes] actual loss;
    • Verlust aus Kapitalanlagen loss on investments;
    • Verlust der Konzession loss of franchise;
    • Verlust aus Kursschwankungen exchange loss;
    • Verlust der Ladung loss of cargo;
    • irreversibler Verlust von Land und Habitaten irreversible loss of land and habitats;
    • Verluste der Landwirtschaft farm losses;
    • Verlust der Lebensgemeinschaft loss of consortium (Br.);
    • Verluste von Marktanteilen market-share losses;
    • Verlust von Marktanteilen an Mitbewerber loss of market share to competitors;
    • Verlust von Menschenleben loss of life;
    • Verluste im Mietgeschäft rental losses;
    • Verlust des Pensionsanspruches disqualification of benefit, forfeiture of a pension;
    • Verlust der Prämie für unfallfreies Fahren loss of no-claims bonus;
    • Verlust eines Rechtes loss (forfeiture) of a right;
    • Verlust auf See marine loss;
    • Verlust der Souveränität der Mitgliedstaaten zugunsten der Marktkräfte loss of national sovereignty to market forces;
    • Verlust vor Steuern pre-tax loss;
    • Verlust auf dem Transport loss in transit;
    • Verlust aus einem Verkauf sales loss;
    • Verlust bei Verladungen loss of shipments (US);
    • Verlust von Vermögenswerten loss of property values;
    • Verlust infolge eines nicht zustande gekommenen Vertragsabschlusses loss of contract;
    • Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt loss of biodiversity;
    • Verluste aus Wertminderungen oder dem Abgang von Gegenständen des Umlaufvermögens außer Vorräten valuation adjustment on current assets other than inventories;
    • Verlust aus Wertpapieranlagen loss from securities holding;
    • Verlust an Zeit und Lohn broken time;
    • Verlust ausweisend showing a loss (deficit);
    • Verlust bringend ruinous, involving (causing) a loss, losing, loss-bringing;
    • Verluste abbuchen to cut one’s losses;
    • Verlust abschätzen to assess [the extend of] a loss;
    • mit Verlust abschließen to show (result in, close with) a loss;
    • Jahr mit Verlust abschließen to close a year in the red (US coll.);
    • seine Verluste abschreiben to cut (charge off, deduct) one’s losses;
    • Verlust abwenden to turn off a loss;
    • mit Verlust arbeiten to operate (run, carry on) at a loss, to run in the red (US coll.);
    • mit schweren Verlusten arbeiten to work out heavy deficits;
    • Verluste auffangen to absorb (cushion) losses;
    • für einen Verlust aufkommen to be liable for a loss;
    • Verluste aufweisen to show a loss, to show red ink (US coll.);
    • Verluste für das vierte Quartal aufweisen to report a fourth-quarter loss;
    • Verlust ausgleichen to make good a loss, to make up for a deficit, to make good a deficit;
    • Verluste wieder ausgleichen (Börse) to recover one’s losses;
    • Verlust ausweisen to show a loss;
    • seine Verluste ersetzt bekommen to recover one’s losses;
    • seinen Verlust berechnen to reckon up one’s loss;
    • Verluste berücksichtigen to make allowance for losses;
    • sich an einem Verlust beteiligen to share in a loss;
    • mit Verlust betreiben to carry on at a loss;
    • ohne Verluste davonkommen to get off without a loss;
    • Verluste wieder einbringen to make up for a deficiency, to retrieve a loss;
    • mit Verlust einkaufen to buy at a loss;
    • j. für einen Verlust entschädigen to indemnify (compensate) s. o. for a loss;
    • Verlust erfahren to undergo (experience) a loss;
    • sich von seinen Verlusten erholen to recover one’s losses;
    • steuerlich anerkannten geschäftlichen Verlust erleiden to make a loss in a trade or business;
    • gewaltige (große) Verluste erleiden to incur (suffer) severe losses, to lose heavily, to sustain heavy losses, to go heavily into the red (US coll.);
    • bei der Briefbeförderung keine Verluste erleiden (Postverwaltung) to break even on letters;
    • Verluste an der Börse erleiden to meet with losses on the stock exchange;
    • Verlust ermitteln to ascertain a loss;
    • Verlust ersetzen to make amends, to repair a damage (loss);
    • jem. den Verlust von etw. ersetzen to pay s. o. the lost value of s. th.;
    • Verlust erzielen to notch up a loss;
    • in Verlust geraten to get lost;
    • Verluste haben to be out of pocket, to be in the red (coll.);
    • schwere Verluste haben to lose heavily, to be hard hit, to have a heavy loss;
    • für Verluste haften to be liable for [a loss];
    • seine Verluste durch Börsenspekulationen wieder hereinbekommen to recoup one’s losses in gaining on the stock market;
    • schwer unter seinen finanziellen Verlusten leiden to be hard hit by one’s financial losses;
    • finanzielle Verluste hinnehmen müssen to meet with money setbacks;
    • geringe Verluste hinnehmen müssen (mil.) to lose a little ground;
    • seine Verluste durch An- und Verkauf reduzieren (Börse) to average down (up);
    • geschäftliche Verluste riskieren to jeopardize one’s business;
    • Verlust von Tausenden von Arbeitsplätzen riskieren to put thousands of jobs at risk;
    • riesige Verluste schreiben to chalk up huge losses;
    • sich vor Verlusten schützen to save one’s bacon;
    • am Verlust beteiligt sein to participate in a loss;
    • gegen Verluste sicherstellen to safeguard against losses;
    • j. in Verluste stürzen to run s. o. into losses;
    • Verlust tragen to bear (stand) a loss;
    • Verlust nach Anteilen (anteilig) tragen to share a loss rat(e)ably;
    • Gewinne und Verluste zu gleichen Teilen tragen to share and share alike;
    • sich von jem. ohne Verlust trennen to break even with s. o.;
    • jds. Verluste übernehmen to reimburse s. o. for his losses;
    • Verlust vergüten to make up for a loss;
    • mit Verlust verkaufen to sell at a loss (discount, sacrifice, disadvantage, with a forfeit), to bargain away;
    • Verluste gerade noch vermeiden to break even;
    • Verluste mit den erzielten Einkünften verrechnen to set the loss against earned income;
    • Verlust mit dem Gewinn späterer Jahre verrechnen (ein Jahr steuerlich vortragen) to carry forward a loss for one year;
    • Verluste verschleiern to conceal losses;
    • Verluste gleichmäßig über ein Jahr verteilen to apportion losses evenly over a year;
    • finanzielle Verluste des einzelnen Versicherungsnehmers auf alle verteilen to spread the financial losses of insured members over the whole community;
    • Verluste rückwirkend verwenden (Steuererklärung) to relate back losses;
    • Verlust verzeichnen to record a loss;
    • Verluste längerfristig vortragen to carry forward long-term losses (Br.);
    • mit einem Verlust fertig werden to cope with red ink (US coll.);
    • Verlust[e] wettmachen to repair a loss;
    • Verlust zufügen to cause a loss;
    • schweren Verlust zufügen to inflict a serious loss;
    • Verlust steuerlich zurücktragen to carry back a loss;
    • Verlustabbau deficit cutting;
    • Verlustabschluss losing bargain, (Bilanz) closing in the red (US coll.), balance sheet that shows a deficit, deficiency statement (US);
    • Verlustabschluss tätigen to close a year in the red (US coll.);
    • Verlustabzug (Steuer) deductible loss;
    • Verlustanrechnung (Einkommensteuer) loss relief (Br.);
    • Verlustanteil share in a loss, (Bilanz) loss;
    • Verlustanzeige (Versicherung) notification (notice) of loss, immediate notice;
    • unverzügliche Verlustanzeige immediate notice;
    • Verlustanzeige bei der Polizei abgeben to notify the police of a loss;
    • Verlustartikel loss leader;
    • Verlustaufteilung loss repartition, division of losses, (Firma) distribution of partnership loss;
    • Verlustauftrag money-losing order.
    mittragen, Verlust
    to share a loss.

    Business german-english dictionary > Verlust

  • 16 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 17 pérdida

    adj.
    1 lost, strayed, misguided; profligate, dissolute.
    Gente perdida Vagrants, vagabonds
    2 idle (vago); down and out (pobre). (America)
    * * *
    1 (daño) loss
    ■ no hay que lamentar pérdidas humanas fortunately, nobody has been killed
    4 (escape) leak
    \
    llorar la pérdida de alguien to mourn for somebody
    no tiene pérdida you can't miss it
    ser una pérdida de tiempo to be a waste of time
    * * *
    f., (m. - perdido)
    * * *
    perdido
    * * *
    a) ( mujer inmoral) loose woman
    b) (Chi, Méx) ( prostituta) streetwalker
    * * *
    = disappearance, loss, forfeiture, drawdown.
    Ex. If the disappearance of these latter two media are a problem, use dummies on the shelf and store the item at the circulation desk.
    Ex. Some attempts have been made to use video tape, but the results have been poor, with data losses and corruption.
    Ex. Penalties that can be imposed range from seizure and forfeiture of the articles and the means by which they were produced to fines or imprisonment.
    Ex. Commanders in Iraq have decided to begin the drawdown of U.S. forces in volatile Diyala province, marking a turning point in the U.S. military mission.
    ----
    * compresión sin pérdida = lossless compression.
    * funcionar con pérdidas = run + at a loss.
    * no ser una gran pérdida = be no great loss.
    * pérdida auditiva = hearing loss, loss of hearing.
    * pérdida de audición = loss of hearing, hearing loss.
    * pérdida de autoridad = disempowerment.
    * pérdida de calor = heat loss.
    * pérdida de categoría laboral = demotion.
    * pérdida de concentración = lapse of concentration.
    * pérdida de confianza = sapping of confidence.
    * pérdida de consistencia = strength loss.
    * pérdida de contacto con la realidad = loss of touch with reality.
    * pérdida de credibilidad = loss of face.
    * pérdida de datos = data loss.
    * pérdida de dinero = cash drain.
    * pérdida de importancia = demise, swing away from.
    * pérdida de la presión = depressurisation [depressurization, -USA].
    * pérdida de las técnicas profesionales = de-skilling.
    * pérdida del cabello = loss of hair.
    * pérdida del conocimiento = unconsciousness, fainting, fainting fit, loss of consciousness.
    * pérdida del sentido = fainting, fainting fit.
    * pérdida de masa ósea = bone loss.
    * pérdida de nitidez = fading.
    * pérdida de pelo = hair loss.
    * pérdida de persona querida = emotional loss.
    * pérdida de peso = weight loss.
    * pérdida de poder = disempowerment.
    * pérdida de puestos de trabajo = squeeze on jobs.
    * pérdida de sangre = bleed.
    * pérdida de tiempo = time wasting, wild goose chase, waste of time, time-consuming [time consuming], fool's errand.
    * pérdida de un tiempo precioso = waste of precious time.
    * pérdida de valor = devaluation, loss of value.
    * pérdida de vidas = loss of life, toll on life.
    * pérdida de vigencia = demise.
    * pérdida humana = human loss.
    * pérdida neta = net loss.
    * pérdida ósea = bone loss.
    * pérdidas = wastage, losings.
    * pérdida trágica = tragic loss.
    * reducir pérdidas = cut down + losses, cut + losses.
    * seguro por pérdida de un miembro del cuerpo = dismemberment insurance.
    * ser una pérdida de dinero = be money and effort down the drain, throw + Posesivo + money down the drain, be money down the drain.
    * ser una pérdida de tiempo = be idle, beat + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.
    * ser un pérdida de tiempo = flog + a dead horse.
    * sin pérdida = lossless.
    * sufrir pérdidas = make + a loss.
    * sufrir una pérdida = suffer + loss.
    * tener pérdidas = make + a loss.
    * trágica pérdida = tragic loss.
    * una gran pérdida = a great loss.
    * una pérdida constante de = a haemorrhage of.
    * * *
    a) ( mujer inmoral) loose woman
    b) (Chi, Méx) ( prostituta) streetwalker
    * * *
    = disappearance, loss, forfeiture, drawdown.

    Ex: If the disappearance of these latter two media are a problem, use dummies on the shelf and store the item at the circulation desk.

    Ex: Some attempts have been made to use video tape, but the results have been poor, with data losses and corruption.
    Ex: Penalties that can be imposed range from seizure and forfeiture of the articles and the means by which they were produced to fines or imprisonment.
    Ex: Commanders in Iraq have decided to begin the drawdown of U.S. forces in volatile Diyala province, marking a turning point in the U.S. military mission.
    * compresión sin pérdida = lossless compression.
    * funcionar con pérdidas = run + at a loss.
    * no ser una gran pérdida = be no great loss.
    * pérdida auditiva = hearing loss, loss of hearing.
    * pérdida de audición = loss of hearing, hearing loss.
    * pérdida de autoridad = disempowerment.
    * pérdida de calor = heat loss.
    * pérdida de categoría laboral = demotion.
    * pérdida de concentración = lapse of concentration.
    * pérdida de confianza = sapping of confidence.
    * pérdida de consistencia = strength loss.
    * pérdida de contacto con la realidad = loss of touch with reality.
    * pérdida de credibilidad = loss of face.
    * pérdida de datos = data loss.
    * pérdida de dinero = cash drain.
    * pérdida de importancia = demise, swing away from.
    * pérdida de la presión = depressurisation [depressurization, -USA].
    * pérdida de las técnicas profesionales = de-skilling.
    * pérdida del cabello = loss of hair.
    * pérdida del conocimiento = unconsciousness, fainting, fainting fit, loss of consciousness.
    * pérdida del sentido = fainting, fainting fit.
    * pérdida de masa ósea = bone loss.
    * pérdida de nitidez = fading.
    * pérdida de pelo = hair loss.
    * pérdida de persona querida = emotional loss.
    * pérdida de peso = weight loss.
    * pérdida de poder = disempowerment.
    * pérdida de puestos de trabajo = squeeze on jobs.
    * pérdida de sangre = bleed.
    * pérdida de tiempo = time wasting, wild goose chase, waste of time, time-consuming [time consuming], fool's errand.
    * pérdida de un tiempo precioso = waste of precious time.
    * pérdida de valor = devaluation, loss of value.
    * pérdida de vidas = loss of life, toll on life.
    * pérdida de vigencia = demise.
    * pérdida humana = human loss.
    * pérdida neta = net loss.
    * pérdida ósea = bone loss.
    * pérdidas = wastage, losings.
    * pérdida trágica = tragic loss.
    * reducir pérdidas = cut down + losses, cut + losses.
    * seguro por pérdida de un miembro del cuerpo = dismemberment insurance.
    * ser una pérdida de dinero = be money and effort down the drain, throw + Posesivo + money down the drain, be money down the drain.
    * ser una pérdida de tiempo = be idle, beat + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.
    * ser un pérdida de tiempo = flog + a dead horse.
    * sin pérdida = lossless.
    * sufrir pérdidas = make + a loss.
    * sufrir una pérdida = suffer + loss.
    * tener pérdidas = make + a loss.
    * trágica pérdida = tragic loss.
    * una gran pérdida = a great loss.
    * una pérdida constante de = a haemorrhage of.

    * * *
    1 (mujer inmoral) loose woman
    2 (Chi, Méx) (prostituta) streetwalker
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    perdida    
    pérdida
    pérdida sustantivo femenino

    ◊ pérdida de calor/energía heat/energy loss;

    tuvo una pérdida de conocimiento he lost consciousness, he passed out;
    no tiene pérdida (Esp) you can't miss it
    b) (Fin) loss;


    pérdidas materiales damage;
    pérdidas y ganancias profit and loss


    d) (escape de gas, agua) leak

    perdido,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 lost
    2 (desorientado) confused
    3 (perro, bala) stray
    II adv fam (totalmente, rematadamente) es tonto perdido, he's completely stupid
    III mf (libertino) degenerate, vicious
    ♦ Locuciones: ponerse perdido, to get dirty
    pérdida sustantivo femenino
    1 loss: su muerte supone una gran pérdida para nosotros, his death is a great loss for us
    2 (de tiempo, etc) waste
    3 (escape de agua, de gas) leak
    4 (daños materiales) (usu pl) damage: las pérdidas ascienden a varios millones, losses totalled several million
    ♦ Locuciones: no tiene pérdida, you can't miss it
    ' pérdida' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bala
    - derrumbarse
    - desfallecimiento
    - desgracia
    - desvarío
    - rehacerse
    - reparar
    - severidad
    - causa
    - ciudad
    - compensar
    - deshonra
    - desprestigio
    - lamentable
    - mareado
    - marear
    - mareo
    - sensación
    - sensible
    - sentir
    - valorar
    English:
    battle
    - blackout
    - bleeding
    - book
    - compensate
    - depressed
    - deprivation
    - dropout
    - effective
    - experience
    - generation
    - get back
    - good
    - grievous
    - lament
    - loss
    - lost
    - make up
    - make up for
    - outflow
    - sense
    - stall
    - temporary
    - time-wasting
    - unconsciousness
    - vacantly
    - waste
    - miss
    - shantytown
    * * *
    1. [extravío] loss;
    en caso de pérdida, entregar en … in the event of loss, deliver to…;
    Esp
    no tiene pérdida you can't miss it
    2. [de vista, audición, peso] loss
    pérdida del conocimiento loss of consciousness
    3. [de tiempo, dinero] waste
    4. [escape] leak
    5. [muerte] loss;
    nunca se recuperó de la pérdida de su mujer he never got over losing his wife
    pérdidas humanas loss of life
    6. [en baloncesto] turnover
    7.
    pérdidas [financieras] losses
    pérdidas y ganancias profit and loss
    8.
    pérdidas (materiales) [daños] damage;
    las inundaciones han causado grandes pérdidas the floods have caused extensive damage
    9.
    pérdidas [de sangre] haemorrhage
    * * *
    f
    1 loss;
    no tiene pérdida you can’t miss it;
    pérdida de tiempo waste of time
    2 en baloncesto turnover
    * * *
    1) : loss
    2)
    pérdida de tiempo : waste of time
    * * *
    1. (en general) loss [pl. losses]
    2. (de tiempo) waste
    3. (de líquido, gas) leak

    Spanish-English dictionary > pérdida

  • 18 perdido

    adj.
    1 lost, missing, mislaid.
    2 lost.
    3 lost, confused.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: perder.
    * * *
    1→ link=perder perder
    3 (bala) stray
    4 (aislado) isolated, cut-off
    5 familiar (como enfatizador) complete, utter, total
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 (person) degenerate
    \
    estar perdido,-a (extraviado) to be lost 2 (no tener salida) to have had it, be for it
    ponerse perdido,-a familiar to get filthy, get dirty
    * * *
    (f. - perdida)
    adj.
    1) lost
    * * *
    perdido, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=extraviado) lost; [bala] stray
    rato 3), bala 1., 1)
    2) (=aislado) remote, isolated

    un pueblo perdido en las montañas — a remote o isolated village in the mountains

    3) (=sin remedio)

    ¡estamos perdidos! — we're done for!

    4) (=enamorado)

    estar perdido por algn — to be mad o crazy about sb

    5) * (=sucio)

    ponerlo todo perdido de barro — to get everything covered in mud, get mud everywhere

    6) LAm (=vago) idle; (=pobre) down and out
    2.
    SM / F libertine
    perdida
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1) [estar]
    a) <objeto/persona> lost

    de perdido — (Méx fam) at least

    b) (confundido, desorientado) lost, confused
    c) <bala/perro> stray (before n)
    2) [estar] ( en un apuro)

    si se enteran, estás perdido — if they find out, you've had it o you're done for (colloq)

    3) ( aislado) < lugar> remote, isolated; < momento> idle, spare
    4)
    a) < idiota> complete and utter (before n), total (before n); < loco> raving (before n); < borracho> out and out (before n)
    b) (como adv) ( totalmente) completely, totally
    5) (Esp fam) ( sucio) filthy

    ponerse perdido DE algo — de aceite/barro to get covered with something

    II
    - da masculino, femenino degenerate
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1) [estar]
    a) <objeto/persona> lost

    de perdido — (Méx fam) at least

    b) (confundido, desorientado) lost, confused
    c) <bala/perro> stray (before n)
    2) [estar] ( en un apuro)

    si se enteran, estás perdido — if they find out, you've had it o you're done for (colloq)

    3) ( aislado) < lugar> remote, isolated; < momento> idle, spare
    4)
    a) < idiota> complete and utter (before n), total (before n); < loco> raving (before n); < borracho> out and out (before n)
    b) (como adv) ( totalmente) completely, totally
    5) (Esp fam) ( sucio) filthy

    ponerse perdido DE algo — de aceite/barro to get covered with something

    II
    - da masculino, femenino degenerate
    * * *
    perdido1
    = misplaced, mislaid, strayed, stray, missing, off course.

    Ex: A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.

    Ex: But to employ a professional librarian on a case where the intellectual content is trifling and the clerical labour massive is as unreasonable as to call in a detective to trace a pair of mislaid spectacles = Aunque contratar a un bibliotecario para un trabajo donde el contenido intelectual es insignificante y el trabajo administrativo enorme es tan poco razonable como llamar a un detective para buscar unas gafas extraviadas.
    Ex: Many libraries have had fine free days or weeks in an effort to entice strayed material back.
    Ex: If the machine is in constant use the selenium drum may not be cleaned sufficiently and stray particles of carbon will appear as minute black spots on the copies.
    Ex: As you read each frame, cover the area below each frame and attempt to supply the missing word.
    Ex: Russia has launched an investigation into why a manned space capsule returned to earth hundreds of miles off course.
    * andar perdido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head.
    * batalla perdida = losing battle.
    * causa perdida = lost cause, losing battle.
    * causar pérdidas = cause + losses.
    * con la mirada perdida = gaze into + space.
    * continente perdido = lost continent.
    * dar por perdido = be past praying for, write off.
    * de perdíos al río = in for a penny, in for a pound.
    * eslabón perdido = missing link.
    * estar perdido = be out of + Posesivo + league, be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head, be all at sea.
    * llamada perdida = missed call.
    * luchar por una causa perdida = fight + a losing battle.
    * objetos perdidos = lost property, lost and found, lost property.
    * perdido de rumbo = off course.
    * perdido hace tiempo = long-lost.
    * perdido para siempre = irretrievably lost.
    * recuperar el tiempo perdido = make up for + lost time.
    * sentirse perdido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head, feel at + sea, be all at sea.
    * tener la mirada perdida = stare into + space, gaze into + space.
    * tierras perdidas = lost lands.
    * totalmente perdido = babe in the wood.
    * una causa perdida = a dead dog.
    * un caso perdido = a dead dog.
    * un poco perdido = a bit at sea.

    perdido2

    Ex: She is a certified TV-addict -- you simply cannot talk to her when she's glued to the box.

    * bala perdida = loose cannon.
    * caso perdido = basket case.
    * chalado perdido = as daft as a brush, stir-crazy, knucklehead.
    * chiflado perdido = as daft as a brush, as thick as two (short) planks, stir-crazy, knucklehead.
    * loco perdido = stark raving mad, raving mad, raving lunatic.
    * tonto perdido = as daft as a brush, as thick as two (short) planks, knucklehead.

    * * *
    perdido1 -da
    A [ ESTAR]
    1 ‹objeto/persona› (extraviado) lost
    me di cuenta de que estaban perdidos I realized that they were lost
    dar algo por perdido to give sth up for lost
    de perdido ( Méx fam); at least
    2 (confundido, desorientado) at a loss
    anda perdido desde que se fueron sus amigos he's been at a loss since his friends left
    no me han explicado cómo hacerlo y estoy totalmente perdido they haven't explained how to do it and I'm completely lost o I'm at a complete loss
    3 ‹bala/perro› stray ( before n)
    B [ ESTAR]
    (en un apuro): ¿pero no trajiste dinero tú? pues estamos perdidos but didn't you bring any money? we've had it then o ( BrE) that's torn it ( colloq)
    si se entera tu padre, estás perdido if your father finds out, you've had it o you're done for ( colloq)
    C (aislado) ‹lugar› remote, isolated; ‹momento› idle, spare
    en una isla perdida del Pacífico on a remote island in the Pacific
    en algún lugar perdido del mundo in some far-flung o faraway corner of the world
    D
    1 ‹idiota› complete and utter ( before n), total ( before n); ‹loco› raving ( before n)
    es un borracho perdido he's an out and out o a total drunkard, he's an inveterate drinker
    2 ( como adv) (totalmente) completely, totally
    llegó borracho perdido he was blind drunk o totally drunk when he arrived
    está lelo perdido por ella he's absolutely crazy about her ( colloq)
    E ( Esp fam) (sucio) filthy perdido DE algo:
    te has puesto el traje perdido de aceite you've got oil all over your suit
    estoy perdido de tinta I'm covered in ink
    perdido2 -da
    masculine, feminine
    degenerate
    * * *

     

    Del verbo perder: ( conjugate perder)

    perdido es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    perder    
    perdido
    perder ( conjugate perder) verbo transitivo
    1 ( en general) to lose;

    quiere perdido peso he wants to lose weight;
    con preguntar no se pierde nada we've/you've nothing to lose by asking;
    perdido la vida to lose one's life, to perish;
    See also→ cabeza 1 e, vista 2 3;
    yo no pierdo las esperanzas I'm not giving up hope;
    perdido la práctica to get out of practice;
    perdido el equilibrio to lose one's balance;
    perdido el conocimiento to lose consciousness, to pass out;
    perdido el ritmo (Mús) to lose the beat;

    ( en trabajo) to get out of the rhythm
    2
    a) ‹autobús/tren/avión› to miss

    b) ‹ocasión/oportunidad› to miss;


    c) ‹ tiempo› to waste;

    ◊ ¡no me hagas perdido (el) tiempo! don't waste my time!;

    no hay tiempo que perdido there's no time to lose
    3
    a) ‹guerra/pleito/partido› to lose

    b) ‹curso/año› to fail;

    ‹ examen› (Ur) to fail
    4 ‹agua/aceite/aire› to lose
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( ser derrotado) to lose;

    no sabes perdido you're a bad loser;
    llevar las de perdido to be onto a loser;
    la que sale perdiendo soy yo I'm the one who loses out o comes off worst
    2 [cafetera/tanque] to leak
    3
    ◊ echar(se) a perder ver echar I 1a, echarse 1a

    perderse verbo pronominal
    1 [persona/objeto] to get lost;

    se le perdió el dinero he's lost the money;
    cuando se ponen a hablar rápido me pierdo when they start talking quickly I get lost
    2 ‹fiesta/película/espectáculo› to miss
    perdido
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    1 [estar]
    a) ‹objeto/persona› lost;


    de perdido (Méx fam) at least
    b) (confundido, desorientado) lost, confused

    c) ‹bala/perro› stray ( before n)

    2 [estar] ( en un apuro):
    ◊ si se enteran, estás perdido if they find out, you've had it o you're done for (colloq)

    3 ( aislado) ‹ lugar› remote, isolated;
    ‹ momento› idle, spare
    4 ‹ idiota› complete and utter ( before n), total ( before n);
    ‹ loco› raving ( before n);
    ‹ borracho› out and out ( before n)
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    degenerate
    perder
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un objeto) to lose
    2 (un medio de transporte) to miss
    3 (el tiempo) to waste
    4 (oportunidad) to miss ➣ Ver nota en miss
    5 (cualidad, costumbre, sentido) to lose: tienes que perder tus miedos, you have to overcome your fears
    6 (agua, aceite) to leak
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (disminuir una cualidad) to lose
    2 (estropear) to ruin, go off
    3 (en una competición, batalla) to lose
    ♦ Locuciones: echar (algo) a perder, to spoil (sthg)
    llevar las de perder, to be onto a loser
    perdido,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 lost
    2 (desorientado) confused
    3 (perro, bala) stray
    II adv fam (totalmente, rematadamente) es tonto perdido, he's completely stupid
    III mf (libertino) degenerate, vicious
    ♦ Locuciones: ponerse perdido, to get dirty
    ' perdido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aparecer
    - caso
    - dar
    - estimable
    - fondo
    - lustre
    - manual
    - motricidad
    - nitidez
    - norte
    - paladar
    - perdida
    - pertenencia
    - pista
    - principio
    - punto
    - resguardo
    - tiempo
    - vivienda
    - caber
    - recuperar
    English:
    ad-lib
    - catch up
    - discover
    - gap-toothed
    - give up
    - habit
    - lost
    - majority
    - make up
    - mislay
    - miss
    - missing
    - mud
    - raving
    - recover
    - row
    - stray
    - thread
    - appear
    - but
    - by
    - dated
    - despair
    - downmarket
    - get
    - have
    - hopelessly
    - long
    - misspent
    - sunk
    - waste
    - write
    * * *
    perdido, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [extraviado] lost;
    lo podemos dar por perdido it is as good as lost;
    estaba perdido en sus pensamientos he was lost in thought;
    Esp Fam Hum
    2. [animal, bala] stray
    3. [tiempo] wasted;
    [ocasión] missed
    4. [remoto] remote, isolated;
    un pueblo perdido a remote o isolated village
    5. [acabado] done for;
    ¡estamos perdidos! we're done for!, we've had it!;
    ¡de perdidos, al río! in for a penny, in for a pound
    6. Fam [de remate] complete;
    es idiota perdido he's a complete idiot;
    es una esquizofrénica perdida she's a complete schizophrenic
    7. Esp Fam [sucio] filthy;
    se puso perdida de pintura she got herself covered in paint;
    lo dejaron todo perdido de barro they left it covered in mud
    8. [enamorado]
    estar perdido por to be madly in love with
    9. Méx Fam
    de perdida [al menos] at least
    ♦ nm,f
    reprobate
    * * *
    adj lost;
    ponerse perdido get filthy;
    estar perdido fam be crazy ( por about) fam, be madly in love ( por with) fam ;
    loco perdido absolutely crazy
    * * *
    perdido, -da adj
    1) : lost
    2) : inveterate, incorrigible
    es un caso perdido: he's a hopeless case
    3) : in trouble, done for
    4)
    de perdido Mex fam : at least
    * * *
    perdido adj
    1. (en general) lost
    2. (animal) stray

    Spanish-English dictionary > perdido

  • 19 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 20 down

    I noun
    (Geog.) [baumloser] Höhenzug; in pl. Downs Pl. (an der Süd- und Südostküste Englands)
    II noun
    1) (of bird) Daunen Pl.; Flaum, der
    2) (hair) Flaum, der
    III 1. adverb
    1) (to lower place, to downstairs, southwards) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich); (in lift) abwärts; (in crossword puzzle) senkrecht

    [right] down to something — [ganz] bis zu etwas her-/hinunter

    go down to the shops/the end of the road — zu den Läden/zum Ende der Straße hinuntergehen

    2) (Brit.): (from capital) raus (bes. ugs.); heraus/hinaus (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    get down to Reading from London — von London nach Reading raus-/hinausfahren

    come down from Edinburgh to London — von Edinburgh nach London [he]runterkommen

    3) (of money): (at once) sofort

    pay for something cash down — etwas [in] bar bezahlen

    4) (into prostration) nieder[fallen, -geschlagen werden]

    shout the place/house down — (fig.) schreien, dass die Wände zittern

    5) (on to paper)
    6) (on programme)

    put a meeting down for 2 p.m. — ein Treffen für od. auf 14 Uhr ansetzen

    7) as int. runter! (bes. ugs.); (to dog) leg dich!; nieder!; (Mil.) hinlegen!

    down with imperialism/the president! — nieder mit dem Imperialismus/dem Präsidenten!

    8) (in lower place, downstairs, in fallen position, in south) unten

    down on the floor — auf dem Fußboden

    low/lower down — tief/tiefer unten

    down there/here — da/hier unten

    his flat is on the next floor down — seine Wohnung ist ein Stockwerk tiefer

    down in Wales/in the country — weit weg in Wales/draußen auf dem Lande

    down south — unten im Süden (ugs.)

    down south/east — (Amer.) in den Südstaaten/im Osten

    down [on the floor] — (Boxing) am Boden; auf den Brettern

    down and out — (Boxing) k. o.; (fig.) fertig (ugs.)

    9) (prostrate) auf dem Fußboden/der Erde

    be down in writing/on paper/in print — niedergeschrieben/zu Papier gebracht/gedruckt sein

    11) (on programme) angesetzt [Termin, Treffen]
    12) (facing downwards, bowed) zu Boden

    be down — (brought to the ground) am Boden liegen

    down [in the mouth] — niedergeschlagen

    14) (now cheaper) [jetzt] billiger
    15)

    be down to... — (have only... left) nichts mehr haben außer...

    we're down to our last £100 — wir haben nur noch 100 Pfund

    now it's down to him to do something — nun liegt es bei od. an ihm, etwas zu tun

    16) (to reduced consistency or size)
    17) (including lower limit)

    from... down to... — von... bis zu... hinunter

    18) (in position of lagging or loss) weniger

    be three points/games down — mit drei Punkten/Spielen zurückliegen

    be down on one's luck — eine Pechsträhne haben. See also academic.ru/79258/up">up 1.

    2. preposition
    1) (downwards along, from top to bottom of) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    fall down the stairs/steps — die Treppe/Stufen herunterstürzen

    walk down the hill/road — den Hügel/die Straße heruntergehen

    3) (downwards into) rein in (+ Akk.) (bes. ugs.); hinein in (+ Akk.) (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    fall down a hole/ditch — in ein Loch/einen Graben fallen

    4) (downwards over) über (+ Akk.)

    spill water all down one's skirt — sich (Dat.) Wasser über den Rock gießen

    go down the pub/disco — (Brit. coll.) in die Kneipe/Disko gehen

    7) (at or in a lower position in or on) [weiter] unten

    further down the ladder/coast — weiter unten auf der Leiter/an der Küste

    8) (from top to bottom along) an (+ Dat.)
    9) (all over) überall auf (+ Dat.)

    I've got coffee [all] down my skirt — mein ganzer Rock ist voll Kaffee

    10) (Brit. coll.): (in, at)

    down the pub/café/town — in der Kneipe/im Café/in der Stadt

    3. adjective
    (directed downwards) nach unten führend [Rohr, Kabel]; [Rolltreppe] nach unten; nach unten gerichtet [Kolbenhub, Sog]; aus der Hauptstadt herausführend [Bahnlinie]
    4. transitive verb
    (coll.)
    1) (knock down) auf die Bretter schicken [Boxer]
    2) (drink down) leer machen (ugs.) [Flasche, Glas]; schlucken (ugs.) [Getränk]
    3)

    down tools — (cease work) zu arbeiten aufhören; (take a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen; (go on strike) die Arbeit niederlegen

    4) (shoot down) abschießen, (ugs.) runterholen [Flugzeug]
    5. noun
    (coll.)

    have a down on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas auf dem Kieker haben (ugs.); see also up 4.

    •• Cultural note:
    Der Name einer Straße in Westminster im Zentrum von London. Das Haus mit der Nummer 10 in der Downing Street ist der offizielle Sitz des Premierministers und das mit der Nummer 11 der des Finanzministers. Unter Journalisten ist der Ausdruck Downing Street oder Number 10 gebräuchlich, wenn vom Amtssitz des Premierministers die Rede ist
    * * *
    I 1. adverb
    1) (towards or in a low or lower position, level or state: He climbed down to the bottom of the ladder.) hinunter
    2) (on or to the ground: The little boy fell down and cut his knee.) zum/auf den Boden
    3) (from earlier to later times: The recipe has been handed down in our family for years.) weiter
    4) (from a greater to a smaller size, amount etc: Prices have been going down steadily.) gefallen
    5) (towards or in a place thought of as being lower, especially southward or away from a centre: We went down from Glasgow to Bristol.) hinunter
    2. preposition
    1) (in a lower position on: Their house is halfway down the hill.) hinunter
    2) (to a lower position on, by, through or along: Water poured down the drain.) hinunter
    3) (along: The teacher's gaze travelled slowly down the line of children.) entlang
    3. verb
    (to finish (a drink) very quickly, especially in one gulp: He downed a pint of beer.) hinunterkippen
    - downward
    - downwards
    - downward
    - down-and-out
    - down-at-heel
    - downcast
    - downfall
    - downgrade
    - downhearted
    - downhill
    - downhill racing
    - downhill skiing
    - down-in-the-mouth
    - down payment
    - downpour
    - downright     4. adjective
    - downstairs
    - downstream
    - down-to-earth
    - downtown
    - downtown
    - down-trodden
    - be/go down with
    - down on one's luck
    - down tools
    - down with
    - get down to
    - suit someone down to the ground
    - suit down to the ground     II noun
    (small, soft feathers: a quilt filled with down.) Daunen (pl.)
    - downie®
    - downy
    * * *
    down1
    [daʊn]
    1. (movement to a lower position) hinunter, hinab geh; (towards the speaker) herunter, herab geh
    get \down off that table! komm sofort vom Tisch herunter!
    the leaflet slipped \down behind the wardrobe die Broschüre ist hinter den Kleiderschrank gerutscht
    come further \down [the steps] komm noch etwas weiter [die Treppe] runter fam
    “\down!” (to a dog) „Platz!“
    ▪ to fall \down (drop) hinunterfallen; (fall over) umfallen; (stumble) hinfallen
    ▪ to let sth \down etw herunterlassen
    to lie sth \down etw hinlegen [o ablegen]
    to pull sth \down etw nach unten ziehen
    to put \down sth etw hinstellen [o abstellen
    2. (downwards) nach unten
    head \down mit dem Kopf nach unten
    to be [or lie] face \down auf dem Bauch [o mit dem Gesicht nach unten] liegen
    to point down nach unten zeigen
    \down here/there hier/dort unten
    \down at/by/in sth unten an/bei/in etw dat
    4. inv (in the south) im Süden, unten fam; (towards the south) in den Süden, runter fam
    things are much more expensive \down [in the] south unten im Süden ist alles viel teurer
    how often do you come \down to Cornwall? wie oft kommen Sie nach Cornwall runter? fam
    5. inv (away from the centre) außerhalb
    my parents live \down in Worcestershire meine Eltern leben außerhalb [von hier] in Worcestershire
    he has a house \down by the harbour er hat ein Haus draußen am Hafen
    \down our way hier in unserem Viertel [o unserer Gegend] [o SCHWEIZ Quartier
    6. ( fam: badly off) unten
    she's certainly come \down in the world! mit ihr ist es ganz schön bergab gegangen! fam
    to be \down on one's luck eine Pechsträhne haben
    she's been \down on her luck recently in letzter Zeit ist sie vom Pech verfolgt
    to hit [or kick] sb when he's \down jdn treten, wenn er schon am Boden liegt fig
    ▪ to be \down to sth nur noch etw haben
    when the rescue party found her, she was \down to her last bar of chocolate als die Rettungsmannschaft sie fand, hatte sie nur noch einen Riegel Schokolade
    8. (ill)
    to be \down with sth an etw dat erkrankt sein
    she's \down with flu sie liegt mit einer Grippe im Bett
    to come [or go] \down with sth an etw dat erkranken, etw kriegen fam
    I think I'm going \down with a cold ich glaube, ich kriege eine Erkältung fam
    9. SPORT im Rückstand
    Milan were three goals \down at half-time zur Halbzeit lag Mailand [um] drei Tore zurück
    10. (back in time, to a later time)
    Joan of Arc's fame has echoed \down [through] the centuries Jeanne d'Arcs Ruhm hat die Jahrhunderte überdauert
    \down to the last century bis ins vorige Jahrhundert [hinein]
    to come \down myths überliefert werden
    to pass [or hand] sth \down etw weitergeben [o überliefern
    11. (at/to a lower amount) niedriger
    the pay offer is \down 2% from last year das Lohnangebot liegt 2 % unter dem vom Vorjahr
    he quit the poker game when he was only $50 \down er hörte mit dem Pokerspiel auf, als er erst 50 Dollar verloren hatte
    to get the price \down den Preis drücken [o herunterhandeln]
    to go \down sinken
    the number of students has gone \down die Zahl der Studierenden ist gesunken
    12. (in/to a less intense degree) herunter
    let the fire burn \down lass das Feuer herunterbrennen
    settle \down, you two gebt mal ein bisschen Ruhe, ihr zwei
    to turn the music/radio \down die Musik/das Radio leiser stellen [o machen]
    to water a drink \down ein Getränk verwässern
    13. (including) bis einschließlich
    the entire administration has come under suspicion, from the mayor \down das gesamte Verwaltungspersonal, angefangen beim Bürgermeister, ist in Verdacht geraten
    everyone, from the director \down to the secretaries, was questioned by the police vom Direktor angefangen bis hin zu den Sekretärinnen, wurde jeder von der Polizei verhört
    to have sth \down in writing [or on paper] etw schriftlich [o fam schwarz auf weiß] haben
    to get [or put] sb \down for sth jdn für etw akk vormerken
    we've got you \down for five tickets wir haben fünf Karten für Sie vorbestellt
    15. (swallowed) hinunter, runter fam
    to get sth \down etw [hinunter]schlucken
    she couldn't get the pill \down sie brachte die Tablette nicht hinunter fam
    you'll feel better once you've got some hot soup \down du wirst dich besser fühlen, sobald du ein bisschen heiße Suppe gegessen hast
    16. (thoroughly) gründlich
    he washed the car \down er wusch den Wagen von oben bis unten
    17. (already finished) vorbei
    two lectures \down, eight to go zwei Vorlesungen haben wir schon besucht, es bleiben also noch acht
    18. (as initial payment) als Anzahlung
    to pay [or put] £100 \down 100 Pfund anzahlen
    ▪ to be \down to sth auf etw akk zurückzuführen sein
    the problem is \down to her inexperience, not any lack of intelligence es liegt an ihrer Unerfahrenheit, nicht an mangelnder Intelligenz
    to be [or AM also come] \down to sb jds Sache sein
    it's all \down to you now to make it work nun ist es an Ihnen, die Sache in Gang zu bringen
    20. (reduce to)
    to come \down to sth auf etw akk hinauslaufen
    what the problem comes \down to is this:... die entscheidende Frage ist:...
    well, if I bring it \down to its simplest level,... also, stark vereinfacht könnte man sagen,...
    21. (in crossword puzzles) senkrecht
    22.
    ▶ \down to the ground völlig, ganz und gar, total fam
    that suits me \down to the ground das ist genau das Richtige für mich
    1. (in a downward direction) hinunter; (towards the speaker) herunter
    my uncle's in hospital after falling \down some stairs mein Onkel ist im Krankenhaus, nachdem er die Treppe heruntergefallen [o hinuntergefallen] ist
    up and \down the stairs die Treppe rauf und runter fam
    she poured the liquid \down the sink sie schüttete die Flüssigkeit in den Abfluss
    2. (downhill) hinunter, hinab geh; (towards the speaker) herunter [o geh herab]
    to come \down the hill den Hügel heruntersteigen [o geh herabsteigen]
    to go \down the mountain den Berg hinuntersteigen [o geh hinabsteigen
    3. (along) entlang
    go \down the street gehen Sie die Straße entlang [o hinunter]
    her office is \down the corridor on the right ihr Büro ist weiter den Gang entlang auf der rechten Seite
    we drove \down the motorway as far as Bristol wir fuhren auf der Schnellstraße bis Bristol
    I ran my finger \down the list of ingredients ich ging mit dem Finger die Zutatenliste durch
    her long red hair reached most of the way \down her back ihre langen roten Haare bedeckten fast ihren ganzen Rücken
    to sail the boat \down the river mit dem Boot flussabwärts segeln
    4. (in a particular place)
    \down sb's way in jds Gegend
    they speak with a peculiar accent \down his way in seiner Ecke haben die Leute einen besonderen Akzent fam
    \down the ages von Generation zu Generation
    \down the centuries die Jahrhunderte hindurch
    \down the generations über Generationen hinweg
    6. BRIT, AUS ( fam: to)
    I went \down the pub with my mates ich ging mit meinen Freunden in die Kneipe
    to go \down the shops einkaufen gehen
    7. (inside) in + dat
    you'll feel better once you've got some hot soup \down you du wirst dich besser fühlen, sobald du ein bisschen heiße Suppe im Magen hast
    8.
    ▶ to go \down the drain [or toilet] [or tube[s]] ( fam)
    ▶ to go \down the plughole [or BRIT also pan] [or AUS gurgler] ( fam) für die Katz sein sl
    we don't want all their hard work to go \down the drain ich möchte nicht, dass ihre harte Arbeit ganz umsonst ist
    ▶ \down the road [or line] [or track] auf der ganzen Linie fig, voll und ganz
    <more \down, most \down>
    1. attr, inv (moving downward) abwärtsführend, nach unten nach n
    the \down escalator die Rolltreppe nach unten
    2. pred ( fam: unhappy, sad) niedergeschlagen, down fam
    I've been feeling a bit \down this week diese Woche bin ich nicht so gut drauf fam
    3. pred, inv ( fam: disapproving of)
    ▪ to be \down on sb jdn auf dem Kieker [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ im Visier] haben fam
    4. pred, inv (not functioning) außer Betrieb
    the computer will be \down for an hour der Computer wird für eine Stunde abgeschaltet
    I'm afraid the [telephone] lines are \down ich fürchte, die Telefonleitungen sind tot
    5. attr, inv BRIT ( dated: travelling away from the city) stadtauswärts fahrend attr
    \down platform Bahnsteig m [o SCHWEIZ Perron m] für stadtauswärts fahrende Züge
    6. (sunk to a low level) niedrig
    the river is \down der Fluss hat [o geh führt] Niedrigwasser
    1. (knock down)
    ▪ to \down sb jdn zu Fall bringen; BOXING jdn niederschlagen [o sl auf die Bretter schicken
    2. (shoot down)
    ▪ to \down sth etw abschießen [o fam runterholen
    to \down tools (cease work) mit der Arbeit aufhören; (have a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen; (during a strike) die Arbeit niederlegen
    the printers are threatening to \down tools die Drucker drohen mit Arbeitsniederlegungen
    4. AM, AUS SPORT (beat)
    ▪ to \down sb jdn schlagen [o fam fertigmachen
    5.
    ▪ to \down sth (swallow) etw hinunterschlucken; (eat) etw essen; (eat quickly) etw verschlingen [o hinunterschlingen]; (drink) etw trinken; (drink quickly) etw hinunterkippen [o fam runterschütten] [o SCHWEIZ runterleeren]
    he'd \downed four beers er hatte vier Bier gekippt fam
    V. NOUN
    1. (bad fortune) Tiefpunkt m, schlechte Zeit
    ups and \downs Auf und Ab nt
    well, we've had our ups and \downs wir haben schon Höhen und Tiefen durchgemacht
    2. no pl ( fam: dislike) Groll m
    ▪ to have a \down on sb jdn auf dem Kieker [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ im Visier] haben fam
    why do you have a \down on him? was hast du gegen ihn?
    3. AM FBALL Versuch m
    it's second \down es ist der zweite Versuch
    \down with taxes! weg mit den Steuern!
    \down with the dictator! nieder mit dem Diktator!
    down2
    [daʊn]
    I. n no pl
    1. (soft feathers) Daunen pl, Flaumfedern pl
    2. (soft hair or fluff) [Bart]flaum m, feine Härchen
    II. n modifier Daunen-
    \down jacket/quilt Daunenjacke f/-decke f
    down3
    [daʊn]
    n esp BRIT Hügelland nt, [baumloser] Höhenzug
    ▪ the \downs pl die Downs (an der Südküste Englands)
    * * *
    I [daʊn]
    1. ADVERB
    When down is an element in a phrasal verb, eg get down, sit down, stand down, write down, look up the verb.

    to jump down — herunter-/hinunterspringen

    on his way down from the summit — auf seinem Weg vom Gipfel herab/hinab

    down! (to dog) — Platz! __diams; down with...! nieder mit...!

    down there — da unten

    I'll stay down here —

    it needs a bit of paint down at the bottom — es muss unten herum neu gestrichen werden

    don't kick a man when he's down (fig) — man soll jemanden nicht fertigmachen, wenn er schon angeschlagen ist or wenns ihm dreckig geht (inf)

    the sun was down —

    I'll be down in a minute —

    3)

    = to or in another place usu not translated he came down from London yesterday — er kam gestern aus London

    he's down in London/at his brother's — er ist in London/bei seinem Bruder

    we're going down to the seaside/to Dover — wir fahren an die See/nach Dover

    4)

    = below previous level his temperature is down —

    his shoes were worn down the price of meat is down on last week — seine Schuhe waren abgetragen der Fleischpreis ist gegenüber der letzten Woche gefallen

    interest rates are down to/by 3% — der Zinssatz ist auf/um 3% gefallen

    I'm £20 down on what I expected — ich habe £ 20 weniger als ich dachte

    he's down to his last £10 — er hat nur noch £ 10

    See:
    → luck
    5)

    in writing I've got it down in my diary — ich habe es in meinem Kalender notiert

    let's get it down on paper — schreiben wir es auf, halten wir es schriftlich fest

    when you see it down on paper — wenn man es schwarz auf weiß sieht

    6)

    indicating range or succession usu not translated from the biggest down — vom Größten angefangen

    from 1700 down to the present —

    7) indicating responsibility __diams; to be down to sb/sth (= caused by) an jdm/etw liegen
    8)

    as deposit to pay £20 down — £ 20 anzahlen

    I've put down a deposit on a new bike —

    2. PREPOSITION
    1)

    indicating movement downwards to go/come down the hill/the stairs etc — den Berg/die Treppe etc hinuntergehen/herunterkommen

    her hair fell loose down her back — sie trug ihr Haar offen über die Schultern

    2)

    at a lower part of he's already halfway down the hill — er ist schon auf halbem Wege nach unten

    3)

    = along he was walking/coming down the street — er ging/kam die Straße entlang

    if you look down this road, you can see... — wenn Sie diese Straße hinunterblicken, können Sie... sehen

    4)

    = throughout down the centuries — durch die Jahrhunderte (hindurch)

    5)

    = to, in, at Brit inf he's gone down the pub — er ist in die Kneipe gegangen

    3. NOUN
    (= dislike) __diams; to have a down on sb (inf) jdn auf dem Kieker haben (inf) → up
    See:
    → up
    4. ADJECTIVE (inf)
    1)

    = depressed he was (feeling) a bit down — er fühlte sich ein wenig down (inf) or niedergeschlagen

    2)

    = not working to be down — außer Betrieb sein; (Comput) abgestürzt sein

    5. TRANSITIVE VERB
    opponent niederschlagen, zu Fall bringen; enemy planes abschießen, (he)runterholen (inf); (FTBL ETC, inf) player legen (inf); beer etc runterkippen or -schütten (inf) II
    n
    (= feathers) Daunen pl, Flaumfedern pl; (= fine hair) Flaum m III
    n usu pl (GEOG)
    Hügelland nt no pl
    * * *
    down1 [daʊn]
    A adv
    1. nach unten, herunter, hinunter, herab, hinab, ab-, niederwärts, zum Boden, zum Grund, (in Kreuzworträtseln) senkrecht:
    down from fort von, von … herab;
    paralysed from the waist down von der Hüfte abwärts gelähmt;
    down to bis hinunter oder hinab zu;
    down to our times bis in unsere Zeit;
    down to the last detail bis ins letzte Detail;
    down to the last man bis zum letzten Mann;
    from … down to von … bis hinunter zu;
    down to the ground umg vollständig, absolut, ganz und gar;
    suit sb down to the ground umg genau das Richtige für jemanden sein;
    a) über jemanden herfallen,
    b) jemanden auf dem Kieker haben umg
    2. nieder…: → burn down, etc
    3. (in) bar, sofort:
    ten dollars down 10 Dollar (in) bar; → pay down
    4. zu Papier, nieder…: → take down 8, etc
    5. vorgemerkt, angesetzt:
    the bill is down for the third reading today heute steht die dritte Lesung der Gesetzesvorlage auf der Tagesordnung;
    be down for Friday für Freitag angesetzt sein
    6. von einer großen Stadt ( in England: von London) weg:
    go down to the country aufs Land fahren; → go down 12
    7. besonders US
    a) zu einer großen Stadt hin
    b) zur Endstation hin
    c) ins Geschäftsviertel
    8. (nach Süden) hinunter
    9. a) mit dem Strom, flussabwärts
    b) mit dem Wind
    10. Br von der Universität: → go down 10, send down 2
    11. nieder!:
    down with the capitalists! nieder mit den Kapitalisten!;
    down on your knees! auf die Knie (mit dir)!
    12. (dr)unten:
    down there dort unten;
    down under umg in oder nach Australien oder Neuseeland
    13. unten (im Hause), aufgestanden:
    he is not down yet er ist noch oben oder im Schlafzimmer
    14. untergegangen (Sonne)
    15. a) heruntergegangen, gefallen (Preise)
    b) billiger (Waren)
    16. gefallen (Thermometer etc):
    be down by 10 degrees um 10 Grad gefallen sein
    17. Br
    a) nicht in London
    b) nicht an der Universität
    18. a) nieder-, hingestreckt, am Boden (liegend)
    b) Boxen: am Boden, unten umg:
    down and out k. o., fig (auch physisch od psychisch) erledigt umg, ruiniert
    c) erschöpft, kaputt, fix und fertig (beide umg)
    d) deprimiert, niedergeschlagen, down umg: → mouth A 1
    e) heruntergekommen, in elenden Verhältnissen (lebend): → come down 4, heel1 Bes Redew
    f) außer Betrieb (Computer)
    19. bettlägerig:
    be down with influenza mit Grippe im Bett liegen
    20. SPORT (um Punkte etc) zurück:
    he was two points down er war oder lag 2 Punkte zurück;
    they are 1-4 down sie liegen mit 1:4 im Rückstand (to gegen)
    B adj
    1. nach unten oder abwärtsgerichtet, Abwärts…:
    a down jump ein Sprung nach unten
    2. unten befindlich
    3. deprimiert, niedergeschlagen
    4. Br von London abfahrend oder kommend (Zug):
    down platform Abfahrtsbahnsteig m (in London)
    5. besonders US
    a) in Richtung nach einer großen Stadt
    b) zum Geschäftsviertel (hin), in die Stadtmitte
    6. Bar…: → down payment
    7. besonders US sl deprimierend
    C präp
    1. herunter, hinunter, herab, hinab, entlang:
    down the hill den Hügel hinunter;
    down the river den Fluss hinunter, flussab(wärts);
    down the middle durch die Mitte;
    down the street die Straße entlang oder hinunter
    2. (in derselben Richtung) mit:
    down the wind mit dem Wind
    3. a) hinunter in (akk)
    b) hinein in (akk)
    4. unten an (dat):
    further down the Rhine weiter unten am Rhein
    5. zeitlich: durch … (hindurch): → age A 4
    D s
    1. fig
    a) Abstieg m
    b) Nieder-, Rückgang m
    2. Tiefpunkt m, -stand m
    3. Depression f, (seelischer) Tiefpunkt
    4. umg Groll m:
    have a down on sb jemanden auf dem Kieker haben
    5. → downer 1
    E v/t
    1. zu Fall bringen ( auch SPORT und fig)
    2. niederschlagen
    3. niederlegen:
    down tools die Arbeit niederlegen, in den Streik treten
    4. ein Flugzeug abschießen, runterholen umg
    5. einen Reiter abwerfen
    6. umg ein Getränk runterkippen
    F v/i
    1. umg
    a) hinunterrutschen (Speise)
    b) (gut) schmecken
    2. besonders US sl Beruhigungsmittel nehmen
    down2 [daʊn] s
    1. ORN
    a) Daunen pl, flaumiges Gefieder:
    dead down Raufdaunen;
    live down Nestdaunen;
    down quilt Daunendecke f
    b) Daune f, Flaumfeder f:
    in the down noch nicht flügge
    2. ( auch Bart)Flaum m, feine Härchen pl
    3. BOT
    a) feiner Flaum
    b) haarige Samenkrone, Pappus m
    4. weiche, flaumige Masse
    down3 [daʊn] s
    1. obs
    a) Hügel m
    b) Sandhügel m, besonders Düne f
    2. pl waldloses, besonders grasbedecktes Hügelland:
    b) Reede an der Südostküste Englands, vor der Stadt Deal
    * * *
    I noun
    (Geog.) [baumloser] Höhenzug; in pl. Downs Pl. (an der Süd- und Südostküste Englands)
    II noun
    1) (of bird) Daunen Pl.; Flaum, der
    2) (hair) Flaum, der
    III 1. adverb
    1) (to lower place, to downstairs, southwards) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich); (in lift) abwärts; (in crossword puzzle) senkrecht

    [right] down to something — [ganz] bis zu etwas her-/hinunter

    go down to the shops/the end of the road — zu den Läden/zum Ende der Straße hinuntergehen

    2) (Brit.): (from capital) raus (bes. ugs.); heraus/hinaus (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    get down to Reading from London — von London nach Reading raus-/hinausfahren

    come down from Edinburgh to London — von Edinburgh nach London [he]runterkommen

    pay for something cash down — etwas [in] bar bezahlen

    4) (into prostration) nieder[fallen, -geschlagen werden]

    shout the place/house down — (fig.) schreien, dass die Wände zittern

    put a meeting down for 2 p.m. — ein Treffen für od. auf 14 Uhr ansetzen

    7) as int. runter! (bes. ugs.); (to dog) leg dich!; nieder!; (Mil.) hinlegen!

    down with imperialism/the president! — nieder mit dem Imperialismus/dem Präsidenten!

    8) (in lower place, downstairs, in fallen position, in south) unten

    low/lower down — tief/tiefer unten

    down there/here — da/hier unten

    down in Wales/in the country — weit weg in Wales/draußen auf dem Lande

    down south/east — (Amer.) in den Südstaaten/im Osten

    down [on the floor] — (Boxing) am Boden; auf den Brettern

    down and out — (Boxing) k. o.; (fig.) fertig (ugs.)

    9) (prostrate) auf dem Fußboden/der Erde

    be down in writing/on paper/in print — niedergeschrieben/zu Papier gebracht/gedruckt sein

    11) (on programme) angesetzt [Termin, Treffen]
    12) (facing downwards, bowed) zu Boden

    be down — (brought to the ground) am Boden liegen

    down [in the mouth] — niedergeschlagen

    14) (now cheaper) [jetzt] billiger
    15)

    be down to... — (have only... left) nichts mehr haben außer...

    we're down to our last £100 — wir haben nur noch 100 Pfund

    17) (including lower limit)

    from... down to... — von... bis zu... hinunter

    be three points/games down — mit drei Punkten/Spielen zurückliegen

    be down on one's luck — eine Pechsträhne haben. See also up 1.

    2. preposition
    1) (downwards along, from top to bottom of) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    fall down the stairs/steps — die Treppe/Stufen herunterstürzen

    walk down the hill/road — den Hügel/die Straße heruntergehen

    3) (downwards into) rein in (+ Akk.) (bes. ugs.); hinein in (+ Akk.) (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    fall down a hole/ditch — in ein Loch/einen Graben fallen

    4) (downwards over) über (+ Akk.)

    spill water all down one's skirt — sich (Dat.) Wasser über den Rock gießen

    go down the pub/disco — (Brit. coll.) in die Kneipe/Disko gehen

    further down the ladder/coast — weiter unten auf der Leiter/an der Küste

    9) (all over) überall auf (+ Dat.)

    I've got coffee [all] down my skirt — mein ganzer Rock ist voll Kaffee

    10) (Brit. coll.): (in, at)

    down the pub/café/town — in der Kneipe/im Café/in der Stadt

    3. adjective
    (directed downwards) nach unten führend [Rohr, Kabel]; [Rolltreppe] nach unten; nach unten gerichtet [Kolbenhub, Sog]; aus der Hauptstadt herausführend [Bahnlinie]
    4. transitive verb
    (coll.)
    1) (knock down) auf die Bretter schicken [Boxer]
    2) (drink down) leer machen (ugs.) [Flasche, Glas]; schlucken (ugs.) [Getränk]
    3)

    down tools — (cease work) zu arbeiten aufhören; (take a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen; (go on strike) die Arbeit niederlegen

    4) (shoot down) abschießen, (ugs.) runterholen [Flugzeug]
    5. noun
    (coll.)

    have a down on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas auf dem Kieker haben (ugs.); see also up 4.

    •• Cultural note:
    Der Name einer Straße in Westminster im Zentrum von London. Das Haus mit der Nummer 10 in der Downing Street ist der offizielle Sitz des Premierministers und das mit der Nummer 11 der des Finanzministers. Unter Journalisten ist der Ausdruck Downing Street oder Number 10 gebräuchlich, wenn vom Amtssitz des Premierministers die Rede ist
    * * *
    (fluff) n.
    Flaum nur sing. m. (feathers) n.
    Daune -n f. adj.
    abwärts adj.
    herab adj.
    herunter adj.
    hinab adj.
    hinunter adj.
    nieder adj.
    rückwärts adj.
    unten adj.
    zusammengebrochen (alt.Rechtschreibung) adj.

    English-german dictionary > down

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